有机肥施用量和耕作方式对旱地土壤水分利用效率及作物生产力的影响
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摘要
为了探索旱地农业连作春玉米田不同保护性耕作措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果与不同施肥处理组合下春玉米的增产增收效应,在2014—2016年通过大田试验,研究了旱地农田冬闲期免耕、深松和翻耕3种耕作方式对玉米田冬闲期蓄水保墒效果及玉米生育期3种耕作处理与高、中、低有机肥3种施肥处理组合对春玉米生育期土壤水分动态、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,免耕和深松与翻耕相比,蓄水效果较好;2个试验年度冬闲期,免耕和深松较翻耕分别高1.3,0.9个百分点。免耕、深松较翻耕处理0—200 cm土层2年土壤平均贮水量分别增加20.8,22.1 mm;玉米生长生育期在高有机肥条件下,免耕、深松较翻耕处理0—200 cm土层土壤平均贮水量分别高44.2,34.6 mm;以高有机肥深松处理产量、WUE和纯收益最高。2年平均产量、WUE和纯收益分别为9 332.40 kg/hm~2,22.01 kg/(hm~2·mm)和5 104.1元/hm~2,高有机肥免耕处理次之,较高有机肥免耕处理增产和增收分别为7.4%和3.9%。综合考虑各处理土壤蓄水保墒效果和玉米增产增收效应,高有机肥深松是旱区连作玉米田最优的耕作和施肥处理组合。
In order to explore the effects of different conservation tillage measures on soil water conservation, and the effects of different fertilization treatments on yield and income of spring maize in continuous cropping spring maize field of dryland, field experiments were conducted in 2014 to 2016. We studied the water conservation effects of three types of tillage methods(no-tillage, subsoiling and plowing) during winter leisure periods, and the effects of the combination of three kinds of tillage treatments and three fertilization treatments(high organic fertilizer, medium organic fertilizer and low organic fertilizer) on the soil water dynamics, yield and economic benefits of spring maize during maize growth period. The results showed that no-tillage and subsoiling were better in water conservation. In the winter leisure periods of the two experimental years, no-tillage and subsoiling were 1.3 and 0.9 percent points higher than that of ploughing. Compared with plowing treatment, the average soil water storage in 0—200 cm soil layer in two years was increased by 20.8 mm and 22.1 mm in no-tillage and subsoiling treatments, respectively. During the growth period of maize, under the condition of high organic fertilizer, the average soil water storage in the 0—200 cm soil layer of no-tillage and subsoiling treatment was 44.2 mm and 34.6 mm higher than that of plowing treatment. The yield, WUE and net yield of the high organic fertilizer and subsoiling treatment were the highest, and the average yield, WUE and net yield of two years were 9 332.40 kg/hm~2, 22.01 kg/(hm~2·mm)and 5 104.1 yuan/hm~2, respectively, followed by high organic fertilizer and no-tillage treatment, the yield and income of the high organic fertilizer and subsoiling treatment was increased by 7.4% and 3.9%, respectively, compared with the high organic fertilizer and no-tillage treatment. Considering comprehensively the effect of soil water conservation and the effect of increasing yield and income of maize, high organic fertilizer and subsoiling treatment was the best combination for continuous cropping maize field in arid area.
In order to explore the effects of different conservation tillage measures on soil water conservation, and the effects of different fertilization treatments on yield and income of spring maize in continuous cropping spring maize field of dryland, field experiments were conducted in 2014 to 2016. We studied the water conservation effects of three types of tillage methods(no-tillage, subsoiling and plowing) during winter leisure periods, and the effects of the combination of three kinds of tillage treatments and three fertilization treatments(high organic fertilizer, medium organic fertilizer and low organic fertilizer) on the soil water dynamics, yield and economic benefits of spring maize during maize growth period. The results showed that no-tillage and subsoiling were better in water conservation. In the winter leisure periods of the two experimental years, no-tillage and subsoiling were 1.3 and 0.9 percent points higher than that of ploughing. Compared with plowing treatment, the average soil water storage in 0—200 cm soil layer in two years was increased by 20.8 mm and 22.1 mm in no-tillage and subsoiling treatments, respectively. During the growth period of maize, under the condition of high organic fertilizer, the average soil water storage in the 0—200 cm soil layer of no-tillage and subsoiling treatment was 44.2 mm and 34.6 mm higher than that of plowing treatment. The yield, WUE and net yield of the high organic fertilizer and subsoiling treatment were the highest, and the average yield, WUE and net yield of two years were 9 332.40 kg/hm~2, 22.01 kg/(hm~2·mm)and 5 104.1 yuan/hm~2, respectively, followed by high organic fertilizer and no-tillage treatment, the yield and income of the high organic fertilizer and subsoiling treatment was increased by 7.4% and 3.9%, respectively, compared with the high organic fertilizer and no-tillage treatment. Considering comprehensively the effect of soil water conservation and the effect of increasing yield and income of maize, high organic fertilizer and subsoiling treatment was the best combination for continuous cropping maize field in arid area.
引文
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[19] 许迪, Schmid R, Mermoud A.耕作方式对土壤水动态变化及夏玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,1999,15:101-106.
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[2] 黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双处理轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1176-1185.
[3] 李友军,黄明,吴金芝,等.不同耕作方式对豫西旱区坡耕地水肥利用与流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(2):42-45.
[4] 张海林,高旺盛,陈阜,等.保护性耕作研究现状、发展趋势及对策[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(1):16-20.
[5] 李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟.甘肃黄土高原西部保护性农业发展研究[C]//中国农学会耕作制度分会2004年学术年会,北京:中国农学会,2004:185-188.
[6] 刘立晶,高焕文,李洪文.玉米—小麦一年两熟保护性耕作体系试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):70-73.
[7] 李立群,薛少平,王虎全,等.渭北高原旱地春玉米不同种植模式水温效应及增产效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(1):36-38.
[8] 方日尧,同延安,赵二龙,等.渭北旱原不同保护性耕作方式水肥增产效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(1):55-57.
[9] 郑华平.保护性耕作措施的综合效应研究及其生态与经济效益评价[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2004.
[10] Jerry L H, Thomas J S, John H P. Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency: A review[J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93(3):271-280.
[11] 郭清毅,黄高宝.保护性耕作对旱地麦-豆双序列轮作农田土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(3):165-169.
[12] 郭兆元,黄自立,冯立孝.陕西土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:56-57.
[13] 晋小军,黄高宝.陇中半干旱地区不同耕作措施对土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):108-112.
[14] 唐启义,冯明光.DPS数据处理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:115-128.
[15] 师江澜,刘建忠,吴发启.保护性耕作研究进展与评述[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(1):205-210.
[16] 王顺霞,王占军,左忠,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地玉米田土壤环境及玉米产量的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(9):134-137.
[17] 江晓东,李增嘉,侯连涛,等.少免耕对灌溉农田冬小麦/夏玉米作物水、肥利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):20-24.
[18] 籍增顺,王盛霞,洛希图,等.旱地玉米免耕覆盖土壤水分研究[J].山西农业科学,1994,22(3):7-12.
[19] 许迪, Schmid R, Mermoud A.耕作方式对土壤水动态变化及夏玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,1999,15:101-106.
[20] 李洪文,陈君达,高焕文.旱地农业3种耕作措施的对比研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,1997,15(1):7-11.