我国儿童早期发展工作现状分析及策略建议
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摘要
随着经济和社会的发展,我国儿童步入从求生存到谋发展的新转型时期。儿童早期发展的内涵和外延在国际和国内都已形成共识,应在借鉴国外的儿童早期发展典型工作经验的基础上,立足我国的现实国情,分析儿童早期发展工作现状。中国儿童早期发展工作从政策法规、项目实施和体系构建等方面着手,取得了突出的阶段性成绩,高风险儿童数量快速下降,健康指标东西部差别不断减小。然而,城乡儿童发展不平衡的问题依然存在,特别是在贫困地区问题仍然严峻。我国儿童早期发展工作与国际发达地区相比依然不完善,特别是家庭养育环节的工作亟待改善。建议下一步应明确工作定位,构建工作体系,从部门协调、筹资机制、人员激励、信息化建设等方面有重点地开展工作。
Children in China at present are beginning a new stage, from survival to development, driven by the economic growth and social development. As there is a common understanding of the concept of early child development(ECD), we analyzed the current situation of ECD in China based on the national conditions and international experiences. Great progress in several fields of ECD has been made, including policy support, service system and projects. The number of high-risk children has fallen sharply and gaps in health indicators have been bridged between western and eastern China in the past few years. However, imbalance of development between urban and rural children still exists, especially in poor areas. Compared to the developed countries, there are several gaps of ECD in China, like family nurturing. It's suggested that, in the future, working orientation of ECD should be clarified and the service system, including coordination, financing, incentives and information construction, should be improved in order to promote ECD in China.
Children in China at present are beginning a new stage, from survival to development, driven by the economic growth and social development. As there is a common understanding of the concept of early child development(ECD), we analyzed the current situation of ECD in China based on the national conditions and international experiences. Great progress in several fields of ECD has been made, including policy support, service system and projects. The number of high-risk children has fallen sharply and gaps in health indicators have been bridged between western and eastern China in the past few years. However, imbalance of development between urban and rural children still exists, especially in poor areas. Compared to the developed countries, there are several gaps of ECD in China, like family nurturing. It's suggested that, in the future, working orientation of ECD should be clarified and the service system, including coordination, financing, incentives and information construction, should be improved in order to promote ECD in China.
引文
陈荣华,赵正言,刘湘云.(2017).儿童保健学.北京:人民卫生出版社.
陈四益.(2016).营养包的故事.中国发展研究基金会:贫困地区儿童营养改善项目效果评估报.取自:http://www.chinanutri.cn/xwzx_238/xyxw/201510/t20151019_121165.html.
国家卫生部.(2011).中国卫生统计年鉴2011.北京:协和医科大学出版社.
国家卫生和计划生育委员会.(2015).中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告2015年.北京:人民卫生出版社.
国家卫生和计划生育委员会.(2017).2017中国卫生和计划生育年鉴.北京:协和医科大学出版社
江帆.(2014).儿童早期发展——新时期儿童保健工作的挑战.中国儿童保健杂志,22(3),228-230.
联合国.(2015).Goal 1:End Poverty in all its forms everywhere.Sustainable Development Goals.取自https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
全国妇联课题组.(2013).我国农村留守儿童、城乡流动儿童状况研究报告.
张翠红,魏乾伟,张敬旭,罗树生,赵春霞,郭素芳,王晓莉.(2016).农村地区 0～ 3岁儿童生长发育的公平性研究.中国儿童保健杂志,24(10),1016-1018.
中国儿童福利示范项目协调办公室.(2013).中国儿童福利示范项目(2010-2015)中期评估报告.
中国发展研究基金会 (2017).中国儿童发展报告2017.北京:中国发展出版社.
中国共产党第十八届中央委员会 (2017).在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告.
Black,M.M.,Walker,S.P.,Fernald,L.C.,Andersen,C.T.,DiGirolamo,A.M.,Lu,C.,...& Devercelli,A.E.(2017).Early childhood development coming of age:Science through the life course.The Lancet,389(10064),77-90.
Britto,P.R.,Lye,S.J.,Proulx,K.,Yousafzai,A.K.,Matthews,S.G.,Vaivada,T.,...& MacMillan,H.(2017).Nurturing care:Promoting early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),91-102.
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Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,Strupp,B.,& International Child Development Steering Group.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The lancet,369(9555),60-70.
Lu,C.,Black,M.M.,& Richter,L.M.(2016).Risk of poor development in young children in low-income and middle-income countries:An estimation and analysis at the global,regional,and country level.The Lancet Global Health,4(12),e916-e922.
Maggi,S.,Irwin,L.G.,Siddiqi,A.,Poureslami,I.,Hertzman,E.,& Hertzman,C.(2005).Knowledge network for early child development.Analytic and Strategic Review Paper:International Perspectives on Early Child Development,6-9.
Richter,L.M.,Daelmans,B.,Lombardi,J.,Heymann,J.,Boo,F.L.,Behrman,J.R.,...& Bhutta,Z.A.(2017).Investing in the foundation of sustainable development:Pathways to scale up for early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),103-118.
UNICEF.(2014).Early Childhood Development:The key to a full and productive life.New York:UNICEF.
Wang,Y.,Li,X.,Zhou,M.,Luo,S.,Liang,J.,Liddell,C.A.,...& Kang,C.(2016).Under-5 mortality in 2851 Chinese counties,1996–2012:A subnational assessment of achieving MDG 4 goals in China.The Lancet,387(10015),273-283.
陈四益.(2016).营养包的故事.中国发展研究基金会:贫困地区儿童营养改善项目效果评估报.取自:http://www.chinanutri.cn/xwzx_238/xyxw/201510/t20151019_121165.html.
国家卫生部.(2011).中国卫生统计年鉴2011.北京:协和医科大学出版社.
国家卫生和计划生育委员会.(2015).中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告2015年.北京:人民卫生出版社.
国家卫生和计划生育委员会.(2017).2017中国卫生和计划生育年鉴.北京:协和医科大学出版社
江帆.(2014).儿童早期发展——新时期儿童保健工作的挑战.中国儿童保健杂志,22(3),228-230.
联合国.(2015).Goal 1:End Poverty in all its forms everywhere.Sustainable Development Goals.取自https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
全国妇联课题组.(2013).我国农村留守儿童、城乡流动儿童状况研究报告.
张翠红,魏乾伟,张敬旭,罗树生,赵春霞,郭素芳,王晓莉.(2016).农村地区 0～ 3岁儿童生长发育的公平性研究.中国儿童保健杂志,24(10),1016-1018.
中国儿童福利示范项目协调办公室.(2013).中国儿童福利示范项目(2010-2015)中期评估报告.
中国发展研究基金会 (2017).中国儿童发展报告2017.北京:中国发展出版社.
中国共产党第十八届中央委员会 (2017).在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告.
Black,M.M.,Walker,S.P.,Fernald,L.C.,Andersen,C.T.,DiGirolamo,A.M.,Lu,C.,...& Devercelli,A.E.(2017).Early childhood development coming of age:Science through the life course.The Lancet,389(10064),77-90.
Britto,P.R.,Lye,S.J.,Proulx,K.,Yousafzai,A.K.,Matthews,S.G.,Vaivada,T.,...& MacMillan,H.(2017).Nurturing care:Promoting early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),91-102.
Desmond C,Behrman J,Britto P,Boo FL,Daelmans B,Devercelli A,Fawzi W,Fink G,Gertler P,Hoddinott J,Lombardi J,Lu C,Lye S,Nores M,Richter L,Yousafzai A.(2018).Benchmark ECD Investment:An Option Brief.ECD Investment Benchmark Technical Consultation Working Group for the G20.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,Strupp,B.,& International Child Development Steering Group.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The lancet,369(9555),60-70.
Lu,C.,Black,M.M.,& Richter,L.M.(2016).Risk of poor development in young children in low-income and middle-income countries:An estimation and analysis at the global,regional,and country level.The Lancet Global Health,4(12),e916-e922.
Maggi,S.,Irwin,L.G.,Siddiqi,A.,Poureslami,I.,Hertzman,E.,& Hertzman,C.(2005).Knowledge network for early child development.Analytic and Strategic Review Paper:International Perspectives on Early Child Development,6-9.
Richter,L.M.,Daelmans,B.,Lombardi,J.,Heymann,J.,Boo,F.L.,Behrman,J.R.,...& Bhutta,Z.A.(2017).Investing in the foundation of sustainable development:Pathways to scale up for early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),103-118.
UNICEF.(2014).Early Childhood Development:The key to a full and productive life.New York:UNICEF.
Wang,Y.,Li,X.,Zhou,M.,Luo,S.,Liang,J.,Liddell,C.A.,...& Kang,C.(2016).Under-5 mortality in 2851 Chinese counties,1996–2012:A subnational assessment of achieving MDG 4 goals in China.The Lancet,387(10015),273-283.