类属关系偏正式双音词的特点及成因——以《齐民要术》为例
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摘要
二语素为类属关系的双音词是偏正式双音词中的一种特殊类型。这类双音词和一般偏正式双音词不同,表意上存在羡余成分,语义上多为前正后偏式,形式上绝大多数是"属+类"式,词性上都是"名+名→名"式。《齐民要术》中这类以动植物为主的双音词,上古一般都以单音专名相称,后来逐渐构成类属关系的双音词。其主要原因是专名单称不能清晰、明确、准确地传递信息,同时有的专名词义后来逐渐扩大,产生了许多不同的意义,另外魏晋南北朝汉语词汇双音词化也起到了催生的作用。
The double-syllabled words indicating genus and category are a special type of double-syllabled words of the modifierhead form. They are different from the general type,in that they are redundant in meaning; always take the form of head + modifier indicating genus and category respectively; are mostly noun + noun nouns in part of speech. There are many double-syllabled words of this type about animals and plants in Qi Min Yao Shu. They gradually evolved from proper nouns of monosyllabic words in the ancient Chinese language. The major causes of this grammatical phenomenon are: the proper nouns of monosyllabic words can not convey clear,definitive,and accurate information; the broadening of the word meaning occurs in some proper nouns; Disyllabic Evolution of the Chinese language in the Wei-Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties exerted some effects.
The double-syllabled words indicating genus and category are a special type of double-syllabled words of the modifierhead form. They are different from the general type,in that they are redundant in meaning; always take the form of head + modifier indicating genus and category respectively; are mostly noun + noun nouns in part of speech. There are many double-syllabled words of this type about animals and plants in Qi Min Yao Shu. They gradually evolved from proper nouns of monosyllabic words in the ancient Chinese language. The major causes of this grammatical phenomenon are: the proper nouns of monosyllabic words can not convey clear,definitive,and accurate information; the broadening of the word meaning occurs in some proper nouns; Disyllabic Evolution of the Chinese language in the Wei-Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties exerted some effects.
引文
[1]董为光.汉语词汇双音代换管窥[J].语言研究,1992(2):19-26.
[2]谭宏姣.汉语植物命名取象选择规律新探[J].北京林业大学学报,2005(3):65-68.
[3]邢福义.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1986:229.
[4]黄柏荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1996:252.
[5]任学良.汉语造词法[M].北京:中国社会科学院,1981:24.
[6]马真.先秦复音词初探[J].北京大学学报,1980(5):54-63.
[7]向熹.《诗经》语言研究[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1987:219.
[8]程湘清.《论衡》复音词研究[M]//程湘清.两汉汉语研究.济南:山东教育出版社,1984:309.
[9]俞樾.古书疑义举例[M]//俞樾,王引之.古书字义用法丛书.北京:中国书店,1984:30-31.
[10]梁光华.试论汉语词汇双音化的形成原因[J].贵州文史丛刊,1995(5):50-55.
[11]黄志强,杨剑桥.论汉语词汇双音节化的原因[J].复旦学报,1990(1):98-101.
[12]李海霞.汉语动物命名研究[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2002:157-162.
[13]李海霞.汉语动物命名原则[J].殷都学刊,2002(2):92-95.
[14]兰毅辉.从《本草纲目·释名》看中国古代动植物命名的方法[J].自然科学史研究,1989(2):166-170.
1《山海经》出现了一些“某树、某木”类属关系双音词,但成书年代有争议且多数不属于木本植物的树,不予考虑。
[2]谭宏姣.汉语植物命名取象选择规律新探[J].北京林业大学学报,2005(3):65-68.
[3]邢福义.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1986:229.
[4]黄柏荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1996:252.
[5]任学良.汉语造词法[M].北京:中国社会科学院,1981:24.
[6]马真.先秦复音词初探[J].北京大学学报,1980(5):54-63.
[7]向熹.《诗经》语言研究[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1987:219.
[8]程湘清.《论衡》复音词研究[M]//程湘清.两汉汉语研究.济南:山东教育出版社,1984:309.
[9]俞樾.古书疑义举例[M]//俞樾,王引之.古书字义用法丛书.北京:中国书店,1984:30-31.
[10]梁光华.试论汉语词汇双音化的形成原因[J].贵州文史丛刊,1995(5):50-55.
[11]黄志强,杨剑桥.论汉语词汇双音节化的原因[J].复旦学报,1990(1):98-101.
[12]李海霞.汉语动物命名研究[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2002:157-162.
[13]李海霞.汉语动物命名原则[J].殷都学刊,2002(2):92-95.
[14]兰毅辉.从《本草纲目·释名》看中国古代动植物命名的方法[J].自然科学史研究,1989(2):166-170.
1《山海经》出现了一些“某树、某木”类属关系双音词,但成书年代有争议且多数不属于木本植物的树,不予考虑。