围产期低能饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸对初乳质量、断奶前犊牛生长性能的影响
|
摘要
本试验旨在研究围产期低能饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPL)对初乳质量、断奶前犊牛生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验采用2×2析因试验设计,即能量(产奶净能)水平设为6.40、5.73 M J/kg DM和RPL添加水平设为0、40 g/(d·头)。选取体况和预产期相近的52头第3胎荷斯坦奶牛,分为4组,分别为基础饲粮(B)组、低能饲粮(L)组、基础饲粮+RPL(BL)组和低能饲粮+RPL(LL)组,每组13头牛。试验从预产期前21天至产后犊牛断奶结束。奶牛产后第1次泌乳时采集初乳,测定初乳中总固形物、蛋白质、脂肪和乳糖、免疫球蛋白(Ig) G、IgM和IgA含量;犊牛出生当天(1日龄)、60日龄测定体重和体尺;犊牛60日龄采集瘤胃液,测定pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。结果表明:1)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了初乳总固形物、乳糖和IgM含量(P<0.05);围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对初乳乳糖含量有提高的趋势(P=0.068 2),对其他初乳指标无显著影响(P> 0.05)。2)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了母犊60日龄体重、体高、体斜长和胸围(P<0.05),显著降低了公犊60日龄体斜长和初生胸围(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL有降低公犊60日龄体重的趋势(P=0.073 0)。3)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了母犊初生体躯指数(P<0.05),对母犊60日龄体躯指数有升高的趋势(P=0.059 6),对公犊初生体躯指数有降低的趋势(P=0.099 1),提高了公犊60日龄体躯指数(P<0.05),降低了公犊60日龄体长指数(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对公、母犊体尺指数没有显著影响(P>0.05)。4)围产期低能饲粮显著降低了犊牛瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度(P<0.05)。围产母牛饲粮添加RPL对犊牛瘤胃发酵指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。5)围产母牛饲粮能量水平与添加RPL对奶牛初乳质量指标、断奶前犊牛体重、体尺指标、体尺指数和瘤胃发酵指标均不存在交互作用(P>0.05)。综上所述,围产期低能饲粮降低了奶牛初乳质量、断奶前犊牛体重、体尺及体尺指数和瘤胃发酵指标;围产期母牛饲粮添加RPL对奶牛初乳质量和断奶前犊牛体重、体尺及体尺指数和瘤胃发酵无不利影响;围产期低能饲粮中添加RPL并不能替代正常标准能量水平饲粮。
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diets with lowenergy level and rumenprotected lysine( RPL) for perinatal period on colostrum quality of cows,growth performance and rumen fer-mentation of pre-weaning calves. This experiment was used a 2 × 2 factorial design,including net energy for lactating cow( NEL,6.40 and 5.73 MJ/kg DM) and RPL( 0 and 40 g/d per head). Fifty-two Holstein cows in 3 parities were blocked by body score and predicted calving date and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups.Cows were fed in the four groups including a basal diet( B),a lowenergy diet( L),the basal diet supplemented with RPL( BL) and the lowenergy diet supplemented with RPL( LL),respectively. The experiment was lasted from day 21 before expected date of calving of cows to weaning of calves after calving. The colostrum was collected during the first milking time after giving birth,and the contents of total solids,protein,fat and lactose,immunoglobulin( Ig) G,IgMand IgA were measured. Body weight and body side were measured on birth( 1 days of age) and 60 days of age. Rumen liquid was collected on 60 days of age to measure pH,ammonia nitrogen( NH3-N) and volatile fatty acid( VFA) concentrations. The results showed as follows:1) diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased total solid,lactose and IgMcontents in the colostrum( P<0.05); RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had an increasing trend on lactose content in the colostrum( P = 0.068 2) and had no significant effects on others( P>0.05). 2) Diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased body weight,body height,body length and chest girth of female calves at 60 days of age( P<0.05),and significantly increased body weight of male calves at60 days of age and chest girth of male calves at birth( P<0.05). RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had a decreasing trend on body weight of male calves at 60 days of age( P = 0.073 0). 3) Diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased body structure index of female calves at birth( P <0.05),had an increasing trend on body structure index of female calves at 60 days of age( P = 0.059 6),had a decreasing trend on body structure index of male calves at birth( P = 0.099 1),significantly increased body structure index of male calves at 60 days of age( P < 0.05),and significantly decreased body length index of male calves at 60 days of age( P<0.05); RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had no significant effects on body structure index,body length index and chest girth index of female calves and body side index of calves( P> 0. 05). 4) Diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased total volatile fatty acids,acetic acid,propionic acid,isobutyric acid,butyric acid,isovaleric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the rumen liquid of calves( P<0.05); RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had no significant effects on rumen fermentation indexes of calves( P > 0.05). 5) No interaction was observed between dietary energy level and RPL supplementation on colostrum quality of cows,body weight and body side,body side indexes and rumen fermentation indexes of pre-weaning calves( P > 0.05). In conclusion,diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period decreases the colostrum quality of cows,body weight and body side,body side indexes and rumen fermentation of pre-weaning calves; RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period has no harmful effect on the colostrum quality of cows,body weight and body side,body side indexes and rumen fermentation of pre-weaning calves; diets with lowenergy level and RPL supplementation for perinatal period cannot instead of basal diets with normal standardized energy level.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3164-3173]
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diets with lowenergy level and rumenprotected lysine( RPL) for perinatal period on colostrum quality of cows,growth performance and rumen fer-mentation of pre-weaning calves. This experiment was used a 2 × 2 factorial design,including net energy for lactating cow( NEL,6.40 and 5.73 MJ/kg DM) and RPL( 0 and 40 g/d per head). Fifty-two Holstein cows in 3 parities were blocked by body score and predicted calving date and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups.Cows were fed in the four groups including a basal diet( B),a lowenergy diet( L),the basal diet supplemented with RPL( BL) and the lowenergy diet supplemented with RPL( LL),respectively. The experiment was lasted from day 21 before expected date of calving of cows to weaning of calves after calving. The colostrum was collected during the first milking time after giving birth,and the contents of total solids,protein,fat and lactose,immunoglobulin( Ig) G,IgMand IgA were measured. Body weight and body side were measured on birth( 1 days of age) and 60 days of age. Rumen liquid was collected on 60 days of age to measure pH,ammonia nitrogen( NH3-N) and volatile fatty acid( VFA) concentrations. The results showed as follows:1) diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased total solid,lactose and IgMcontents in the colostrum( P<0.05); RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had an increasing trend on lactose content in the colostrum( P = 0.068 2) and had no significant effects on others( P>0.05). 2) Diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased body weight,body height,body length and chest girth of female calves at 60 days of age( P<0.05),and significantly increased body weight of male calves at60 days of age and chest girth of male calves at birth( P<0.05). RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had a decreasing trend on body weight of male calves at 60 days of age( P = 0.073 0). 3) Diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased body structure index of female calves at birth( P <0.05),had an increasing trend on body structure index of female calves at 60 days of age( P = 0.059 6),had a decreasing trend on body structure index of male calves at birth( P = 0.099 1),significantly increased body structure index of male calves at 60 days of age( P < 0.05),and significantly decreased body length index of male calves at 60 days of age( P<0.05); RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had no significant effects on body structure index,body length index and chest girth index of female calves and body side index of calves( P> 0. 05). 4) Diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period significantly decreased total volatile fatty acids,acetic acid,propionic acid,isobutyric acid,butyric acid,isovaleric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the rumen liquid of calves( P<0.05); RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period had no significant effects on rumen fermentation indexes of calves( P > 0.05). 5) No interaction was observed between dietary energy level and RPL supplementation on colostrum quality of cows,body weight and body side,body side indexes and rumen fermentation indexes of pre-weaning calves( P > 0.05). In conclusion,diets with lowenergy level for perinatal period decreases the colostrum quality of cows,body weight and body side,body side indexes and rumen fermentation of pre-weaning calves; RPL supplementation in diets for perinatal period has no harmful effect on the colostrum quality of cows,body weight and body side,body side indexes and rumen fermentation of pre-weaning calves; diets with lowenergy level and RPL supplementation for perinatal period cannot instead of basal diets with normal standardized energy level.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3164-3173]
引文
[1]孙博非,余超,曹阳春,等.奶牛围产期饲粮营养平衡和机体营养生理状况评价体系[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(1):14-21.
[2]叶耿坪,刘光磊,张春刚,等.围产期奶牛生理特点、营养需要与精细化综合管理[J].中国奶牛,2016(5):24-27.
[3]REDMER D A,WALLACE J M,REYNOLDS L P.Effect of nutrient intake during pregnancy on fetal and placental growth and vascular development[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2004,27(3):199-217.
[4]CHADIO S,KATSAFADOU A,KOTSAMPASI B,et al.Effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum synthesis and immunological parameters in the offspring[J].Reproduction,Fertility and Development,2016,28(3):384-393.
[5]吕佳琪,华雯妤,王恬.胚胎营养环境对动物出生后营养代谢的调控研究[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(2):335-344.
[6]黄文明.围产前期日粮能量水平对奶牛能量代谢和瘤胃适应性影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[7]马书林,张峰,吴占军,等.能量水平对初产母牛围产期生产性能的影响[J].中国奶牛,2013(3):32-38.
[8]GAO F,LIU Y C,ZHANG Z H,et al.Effect of prepartum maternal energy density on the growth performance,immunity,and antioxidation capability of neonatal calves[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(8):4510-4518.
[9]SPIEGLER S,KASKE M,KHLER U,et al.Effect of feeding level of pregnant dairy heifers sired by one bull on maternal metabolism,placental parameters and birth weight of their female calves[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2014,146(3/4):148-156.
[10]云伏雨,高民,李满全,等.过瘤胃赖氨酸对奶牛产乳量及乳成分的影响[J].饲料工业,2010(23):45-47.
[11]BERNARD J K,CHANDLER P T,SNIFFEN C J,et al.Response of cows to rumen-protected lysine after peak lactation[J].Professional Animal Scientist,2014,30(4):407-412.
[12]ROBINSON P H,SWANEPOEL N,SHINZATO I,et al.Productive responses of lactating dairy cattle to supplementing high levels of ruminally protected lysine using a rumen protection technology[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,168(1/2):30-41.
[13]张艳梅,周玉香.过瘤胃赖氨酸对反刍动物生产性能影响的研究概况[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2017(1):80-82.
[14]DRACKLEY J K,DANN H M.A scientific approach to feeding dry cows[M]//GARNSWORTHY P C,WISEMAN J.Recent advances in animal nutrition.Nottingham,UK:Nottingham University Press,2008.
[15]黄文明,曹志军,李胜利.围产期奶牛能量代谢及调控[C]//第五届中国奶业大会论文集.西安:中国奶业协会,2014:170-176.
[16]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].Washington,D.C.:National Academies Press,2001.
[17]王加启.反刍动物营养学研究方法[M].北京:现代教育出版社,2011.
[18]赵振福.初乳对犊牛的重要性及喂养方法[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(11):31.
[19]NOWAK W,MIKUA R,ZACHWIEJA A,et al.The impact of cownutrition in the dry period on colostrum quality and immune status of calves[J].Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences,2012,15(1):77-82.
[20]王贤东,于全平,方美烟,等.饲粮不同营养水平对伊犁马妊娠后期体重、消化代谢及分娩后初乳成分的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2017,48(2):272-279.
[21]HEO S,YANG Y X,JIN Z,et al.Effects of dietary energy and lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites,hormones,milk compositions and reproductive performance in primiparous sows[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(2):247-255.
[22]YANG Y X,HEO S,JIN Z,et al.Effects of lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites,hormones,milk composition and reproductive performance in primiparous and multiparous sows[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2009,112(3/4):199-214.
[23]蔺宏凯,张杨,周振勇,等.新疆褐牛体尺性状指标与体重的主成分分析[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(8):130-133.
[24]张志宏.围产前期不同能量水平对出生后犊牛生长性能,免疫能力以及内分泌的影响[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[25]张海涛,王加启,卜登攀,等.影响犊牛瘤胃发育的因素研究[J].乳业科学与技术,2008,31(2):86-89.
[26]ALLISON MJ.Biosynthesis of amino acids by ruminal microorganisms[J].Journal of Animal Science,1969,29(5):797-807.
[27]SALTER D N,DANESHVAR K,SMITH R H.The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein-and urea-containing diets[J].The British Journal of Nutrition,1979,41(1):197-209.
[2]叶耿坪,刘光磊,张春刚,等.围产期奶牛生理特点、营养需要与精细化综合管理[J].中国奶牛,2016(5):24-27.
[3]REDMER D A,WALLACE J M,REYNOLDS L P.Effect of nutrient intake during pregnancy on fetal and placental growth and vascular development[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2004,27(3):199-217.
[4]CHADIO S,KATSAFADOU A,KOTSAMPASI B,et al.Effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum synthesis and immunological parameters in the offspring[J].Reproduction,Fertility and Development,2016,28(3):384-393.
[5]吕佳琪,华雯妤,王恬.胚胎营养环境对动物出生后营养代谢的调控研究[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(2):335-344.
[6]黄文明.围产前期日粮能量水平对奶牛能量代谢和瘤胃适应性影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[7]马书林,张峰,吴占军,等.能量水平对初产母牛围产期生产性能的影响[J].中国奶牛,2013(3):32-38.
[8]GAO F,LIU Y C,ZHANG Z H,et al.Effect of prepartum maternal energy density on the growth performance,immunity,and antioxidation capability of neonatal calves[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(8):4510-4518.
[9]SPIEGLER S,KASKE M,KHLER U,et al.Effect of feeding level of pregnant dairy heifers sired by one bull on maternal metabolism,placental parameters and birth weight of their female calves[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2014,146(3/4):148-156.
[10]云伏雨,高民,李满全,等.过瘤胃赖氨酸对奶牛产乳量及乳成分的影响[J].饲料工业,2010(23):45-47.
[11]BERNARD J K,CHANDLER P T,SNIFFEN C J,et al.Response of cows to rumen-protected lysine after peak lactation[J].Professional Animal Scientist,2014,30(4):407-412.
[12]ROBINSON P H,SWANEPOEL N,SHINZATO I,et al.Productive responses of lactating dairy cattle to supplementing high levels of ruminally protected lysine using a rumen protection technology[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,168(1/2):30-41.
[13]张艳梅,周玉香.过瘤胃赖氨酸对反刍动物生产性能影响的研究概况[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2017(1):80-82.
[14]DRACKLEY J K,DANN H M.A scientific approach to feeding dry cows[M]//GARNSWORTHY P C,WISEMAN J.Recent advances in animal nutrition.Nottingham,UK:Nottingham University Press,2008.
[15]黄文明,曹志军,李胜利.围产期奶牛能量代谢及调控[C]//第五届中国奶业大会论文集.西安:中国奶业协会,2014:170-176.
[16]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].Washington,D.C.:National Academies Press,2001.
[17]王加启.反刍动物营养学研究方法[M].北京:现代教育出版社,2011.
[18]赵振福.初乳对犊牛的重要性及喂养方法[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(11):31.
[19]NOWAK W,MIKUA R,ZACHWIEJA A,et al.The impact of cownutrition in the dry period on colostrum quality and immune status of calves[J].Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences,2012,15(1):77-82.
[20]王贤东,于全平,方美烟,等.饲粮不同营养水平对伊犁马妊娠后期体重、消化代谢及分娩后初乳成分的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2017,48(2):272-279.
[21]HEO S,YANG Y X,JIN Z,et al.Effects of dietary energy and lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites,hormones,milk compositions and reproductive performance in primiparous sows[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(2):247-255.
[22]YANG Y X,HEO S,JIN Z,et al.Effects of lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites,hormones,milk composition and reproductive performance in primiparous and multiparous sows[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2009,112(3/4):199-214.
[23]蔺宏凯,张杨,周振勇,等.新疆褐牛体尺性状指标与体重的主成分分析[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(8):130-133.
[24]张志宏.围产前期不同能量水平对出生后犊牛生长性能,免疫能力以及内分泌的影响[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[25]张海涛,王加启,卜登攀,等.影响犊牛瘤胃发育的因素研究[J].乳业科学与技术,2008,31(2):86-89.
[26]ALLISON MJ.Biosynthesis of amino acids by ruminal microorganisms[J].Journal of Animal Science,1969,29(5):797-807.
[27]SALTER D N,DANESHVAR K,SMITH R H.The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein-and urea-containing diets[J].The British Journal of Nutrition,1979,41(1):197-209.