冲突情景下旅游安全感知的作用机制:好客度的前因影响与旅游经验的调节效应
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摘要
旅游安全感知是影响游客旅游决策和旅游行为活动的重要因素,但冲突情景下的旅游地好客环境和游客旅游经验对安全感知的交互作用却被学界所忽视。本研究基于资源保存理论,将好客度作为游客的外部感知资源,旅游经验作为游客的内在心理资源,建构了以好客度为前因变量、以旅游经验作为调节变量的游客安全感知作用模型。研究以香港"反水货客"事件作为背景事件,以赴香港旅游的内地游客作为调查对象进行问卷调查,共获得523份有效问卷。运用SPSS及其宏插件PROCESS进行了中介效应及调节效应检验,结果显示:(1)好客度对游客的旅游安全感知机制具有前导作用,好客度分别正向影响旅游安全感知、旅游形象与满意度;(2)好客度与满意度之间存在以旅游安全感知与旅游形象为多重中介的中介效应;(3)旅游经验在"好客度→旅游安全感知""好客度→旅游形象""好客度→满意度"等关系结构中均具有非线性调节作用。分组研究表明,旅游经验薄弱组的好客度影响力最小,旅游经验一般组的好客度影响力最大,旅游经验丰富组的好客度影响力居次。
Tourism safety perception is an important factor affecting tourists` decision-making and behavior activities. However, the interaction between the tourist hospitable environment and the tourist experience on safety perception has been ignored by the academic circles. Based on the theory of resource preservation, this paper regards hospitality as the external perception resource of tourists and tourism experience as the intrinsic psychological resource of tourists, and constructs a model of tourist safety perception, which takes hospitality as the antecedent variable and tourism experience as the moderator variable. In this study, the incident of "Anti-parallel traders" in Hong Kong was selected as the research background, and 523 valid questionnaires designed for the Chinese mainland tourists visiting Hong Kong were obtained. A multiple mediating hypothesis test was conducted by using the SPSS and SPSS PROCESS. The result are as follows:(1) Hospitality plays an antecedent role in the tourism safety perception mechanism of tourists, and the hospitality has a positive effect on tourism safety perception, tourism image and satisfaction;(2) There is a multiple mediating effect between hospitality and satisfaction with tourist perception and tourism image as mediator variables.(3) The tourism experience has nonlinear moderating effects among "hospitality → tourism security perception", "hospitality → tourism image", "hospitality → satisfaction". In addition, the group study shows that the group with low-tourism experience has the least influence on hospitality, the group with medium-tourism experience has the greatest influence on hospitality, and the group with rich tourism experience has the second influence on hospitality. Thus, this study argues that those in charge of managing tourist destinations should pay attention to the influence of the safety events in tourism on the tourists` safety perception and satisfaction, pay attention to reveal conflict situation and hospitable environment separately and strengthen the building of the friendly atmosphere; Destinations should adopt classified marketing based on the tourist experience of tourists, giving more attention to tourists with less travel experience and more experienced travel.
Tourism safety perception is an important factor affecting tourists` decision-making and behavior activities. However, the interaction between the tourist hospitable environment and the tourist experience on safety perception has been ignored by the academic circles. Based on the theory of resource preservation, this paper regards hospitality as the external perception resource of tourists and tourism experience as the intrinsic psychological resource of tourists, and constructs a model of tourist safety perception, which takes hospitality as the antecedent variable and tourism experience as the moderator variable. In this study, the incident of "Anti-parallel traders" in Hong Kong was selected as the research background, and 523 valid questionnaires designed for the Chinese mainland tourists visiting Hong Kong were obtained. A multiple mediating hypothesis test was conducted by using the SPSS and SPSS PROCESS. The result are as follows:(1) Hospitality plays an antecedent role in the tourism safety perception mechanism of tourists, and the hospitality has a positive effect on tourism safety perception, tourism image and satisfaction;(2) There is a multiple mediating effect between hospitality and satisfaction with tourist perception and tourism image as mediator variables.(3) The tourism experience has nonlinear moderating effects among "hospitality → tourism security perception", "hospitality → tourism image", "hospitality → satisfaction". In addition, the group study shows that the group with low-tourism experience has the least influence on hospitality, the group with medium-tourism experience has the greatest influence on hospitality, and the group with rich tourism experience has the second influence on hospitality. Thus, this study argues that those in charge of managing tourist destinations should pay attention to the influence of the safety events in tourism on the tourists` safety perception and satisfaction, pay attention to reveal conflict situation and hospitable environment separately and strengthen the building of the friendly atmosphere; Destinations should adopt classified marketing based on the tourist experience of tourists, giving more attention to tourists with less travel experience and more experienced travel.
引文
[1] George, R.. Tourist`s Perceptions of Safety and Security While Visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 2003, 24(5):575-585.
[2] Chauhan, V.. Safety and Security Perceptions of Tourists Visiting Kashmir, India. Advances in Hospitality&Leisure, 2007,3(3):3-17.
[3] Donaldson, R., Ferreira, S..(Re-)creating Urban Destination Image:Opinions of Foreign Visitors to South Africa on Safety and Security? Urban Forum, 2009:20(1):1-18.
[4] Tasci, A. D. A., Boylu, Y.. Cultural Comparison of Tourists`Safety Perception in Relation to Trip Satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2010, 12(2):179-192.
[5] Beerli, A., Martín, J. D.. Tourists`Characteristics and the Perceived Image of Tourist Destinations:A Quantitative Analysis:A Case Study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 2004,25(5):623-636.
[6] Truong, T. L. H., Lenglet, F., Mothe, C.. Destination Distinctiveness:Concept, Measurement, and Impact on Tourist Satisfaction.Journal of Destination Marketing&Management, 2018,(8):214-231.
[7]谢朝武,黄锐,陈岩英.“一带一路”倡议下中国出境游客的安全保障——需求、困境与体系建构研究.旅游学刊, 2019,34(3):41-56.
[8] Scarinci, J., Pearce, P.. The Perceived Influence of Travel Experiences on Learning Generic Skills. Tourism Management, 2012,33(2):380-386.
[9] Hobfoll, S. E.. Conservation of Resources:A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 1989, 44(3):513.
[10]曹霞,瞿皎姣.资源保存理论溯源、主要内容探析及启示.中国人力资源开发, 2014,(15):75-80.
[11] Ng, T. W. H., Feldman, D. C.. Employee Voice Behavior:A Meta-analytic Test of the Conservation of Resources Framework.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2012, 33(2):216-234.
[12]文吉,侯平平.酒店一线员工情绪智力与工作满意度:基于组织支持感的两阶段调节作用.南开管理评论, 2018, 21(1):146-158.
[13] Halbesleben, J. R. B., Wheeler, A. R.. I Owe You One:Coworker Reciprocity as a Moderator of the Day:Level Exhaustion-Performance Relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2011,32(4):608-626.
[14] Neveu, J. P.. Jailed Resources:Conservation of Resources Theory as Applied to Burnout among Prison Guards. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2007, 28(1):21-42.
[15]李晓艳,周二华.顾客言语侵犯对服务人员离职意愿的影响研究:心理资本的调节作用.南开管理评论, 2012, 15(2):39-47.
[16] Hobfoll, S. E.. Traumatic Stress:A Theory Based on Rapid Loss of Resources. Anxiety Research, 1991, 4(3):187-197.
[17] Arata, C. M., Picou, J. S., Johnson, G. D., Mcnally, T. S.. Coping with Technological Disaster:An Application of the Conservation of Resources Model to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2000,13(1):23-39.
[18] Kaiser, C. F., Sattler, D. N., Bellack, D. R., Dersin, J.. A Conservation of Resources Approach to a Natural Disaster:Sense of Coherence and Psychological Distress. Journal of Social Behavior&Personality, 1996,11(3):459-476.
[19] Benight, C. C., Ironson, G., Klebe, K., Carver, C. S., Wynings,C., Burnett, K.. Conservation of Resources and Coping Self-efficacy Predicting Distress Following a Natural Disaster:A Causal Model Analysis Where the Environment Meets the Mind. Anxiety Stress&Coping, 1999, 12(2):107-126.
[20] Hobfoll, S. E.. Conser vation of Resources and Disaster in Cultural Context:The Caravans and Passageways for Resources. Psychiatry:Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 2012,75(3):227-232.
[21] Hobfoll, S. E., Jackson, A. P.. Conservation of Resources in Community Intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1991, 19(1):111-121.
[22] Dirik, G., Karanci, A. N.. Psychological Distress in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients:An Evaluation within the Conservation of Resources Theory. Psychology&Health, 2010, 25(5):617-632.
[23] Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L.. A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks.N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(20):1507-1512.
[24] Zeidner, M., Ben-Zur, H., Reshef-Weil. S.. Vicarious Life Threat:An Experimental Test of Conservation of Resources(COR)Theory. Personality&Individual Differences, 2011, 50(5):641-645.
[25] McKercher, B., Yankholmes, A.. Travel as Learned Behavior:Western Migrants in Hong Kong and Macau. Tourism Management, 2018,(67):191-200.
[26] Font, X.. Managing the Tourist Destination`s Image. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1997, 3(2):123-131.
[27] Assaker, G., Hallak, R.. Moderating Effects of Tourists`Novelty-seeking Tendencies on Destination Image, Visitor Satisfaction, and Short-and Long-term Revisit Intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 2013, 52(5):600-613.
[28] Stylidis, D., Shani, A., Belhassen, Y.. Testing an Integrated Destination Image Model across Residents and Tourists. Tourism Management, 2017,(58):184-195.
[29] Kozak, M.. Measuring Tourist Satisfaction with Multiple Destination Attributes. Tourism Analysis, 2003, 7(3-4):229-240.
[30] Oliver, R. L.. Satisfaction:A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. ME Sharpe. Inc., New York. 2010.
[31]马天,李想,谢彦君.换汤不换药?游客满意度测量的迷思.旅游学刊, 2017, 32(6):53-63.
[32] Pizam, A., Neumann, Y., Reichel, A.. Dimensions of Tourist Satisfaction with a Destination Area. Annals of Tourism Research,1978, 5(3):314-322.
[33] Chi, G. Q. C., Qu, H. L.. Examining the Structural Relationships of Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty:An Integrated Approach. Tourism Management, 2008,29(4):624-636.
[34] Tsunghung, L.. A Structural Model for Examining How Destination Image and Interpretation Services Affect Future Visitation Behavior:A Case Study of Taiwan`s Taomi Eco-village. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2009, 17(6):727-745.
[35]李天元,向招明.目的地旅游产品中的好客精神及其培育.华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2006,(4):66-72.
[36]马红丽.中国旅游热点城市入境游客居民好客度感知研究.陕西师范大学, 2010.
[37]王宁.旅游中的互动本真性:好客旅游研究.广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2007, 29(6):18-24.
[38]刘军林.好客旅游开发中的本真性问题研究.湖北社会科学,2011,(4):111-113.
[39] Dupuis-Blanchard, S., Neufeld, A., Strang, V. R.. The Significance of Social Engagement in Relocated Older Adults. Qualitative Health Research, 2009, 19(9):1186-1195.
[40]白凯,马耀峰,周忠学.入境游客消费决策行为影响研究——以北京市为例.北京社会科学, 2005,(3):66-71.
[41] Woosnam, K. M., Shafer, C. S., Scott, D.. Tourists`Perceived Safety through Emotional Solidarity with Residents in Two Mexico-United States Border Regions. Tourism Management,2015, 46(46):263-273.
[42] Baloglu, S., McCleary, K. W.. U. S. International Pleasure Travelers`Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations:A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research,1999, 38(2):144-152.
[43] Bigné, J. E., Sánchez, M. I., Sánchez, J.. Tourism Image, Evaluation Variables and after Purchase Behaviour:Inter-relationship.Tourism Management, 2001, 22(6):607-616.
[44] Prayag, G.. Tourists`Evaluations of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Future Behavioral Intentions:The Case of Mauritius.Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing, 2009, 26(8):836-853.
[45] S?nmez, S. F., Graefe, A. R.. Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 37(2):171-177.
[46] Kock, F., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G.. Advancing Destination Image:The Destination Content Model. Annals of Tourism Research, 2016,(61):28-44.
[47] S?nmez, S. F., Graefe, A. R.. Inf luence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 1998,25(1):112-144.
[48] Lubbe, B.. Primary Image as a Dimension of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing, 1998, 7(4):21-43.
[49] Seidman, A., Brown, S. C.. Integrating Outside Learning with the Classroom Experience:The Student Learning Imperative.Education, 2006, 127(Fall):109-114.
[50] Gmelch, G.. Crossing Cultures:Student Travel and Personal Development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1997,21(4):475-490.
[51] Pearce, P. L., Foster, F.. A “University of Travel”:Backpacker Learning. Tourism Management, 2007, 28(5):1285-1298.
[52] Hong, Y., Huang, N., Burtch, G., Li, C.. Culture, Conformity and Emotional Suppression in Online Reviews. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2016, 17(11):737-758.
[53] Chen, G. M., Starosta, W. J.. Intercultural Communication Competence:A Synthesis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 1996, 81(1):18-19.
[54] Chen, C. F., Sambath, P.. A Closer Look at Destination:Image,Personality, Relationship and Loyalty. Tourism Management,2013, 36(3):269-278.
[55] George, R.. Visitor Perceptions of Crime-Safety and Attitudes towards Risk:The Case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(6):806-815.
[56] Baloglu, S., Brinberg, D.. Affective Images of Tourism Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, 35(4):11-15.
[57] Gao, B., Li, X., Liu, S.. How Power Distance Affects Online Hotel Ratings:The Positive Moderating Roles of Hotel Chain and Reviewers`Travel Experience. Tourism Management, 2018,(65):176-186.
[58]周浩,龙立荣.共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展, 2004, 12(6):942-950.
[59]吴明隆.结构方程模型:A mos实务进阶.重庆大学出版社,2013.
[60]温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报, 2005, 37(2):268-274.
(1)Hayes教授个人主页:http://www.afhayes.com,process宏程序的下载和使用请参考。
[2] Chauhan, V.. Safety and Security Perceptions of Tourists Visiting Kashmir, India. Advances in Hospitality&Leisure, 2007,3(3):3-17.
[3] Donaldson, R., Ferreira, S..(Re-)creating Urban Destination Image:Opinions of Foreign Visitors to South Africa on Safety and Security? Urban Forum, 2009:20(1):1-18.
[4] Tasci, A. D. A., Boylu, Y.. Cultural Comparison of Tourists`Safety Perception in Relation to Trip Satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2010, 12(2):179-192.
[5] Beerli, A., Martín, J. D.. Tourists`Characteristics and the Perceived Image of Tourist Destinations:A Quantitative Analysis:A Case Study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 2004,25(5):623-636.
[6] Truong, T. L. H., Lenglet, F., Mothe, C.. Destination Distinctiveness:Concept, Measurement, and Impact on Tourist Satisfaction.Journal of Destination Marketing&Management, 2018,(8):214-231.
[7]谢朝武,黄锐,陈岩英.“一带一路”倡议下中国出境游客的安全保障——需求、困境与体系建构研究.旅游学刊, 2019,34(3):41-56.
[8] Scarinci, J., Pearce, P.. The Perceived Influence of Travel Experiences on Learning Generic Skills. Tourism Management, 2012,33(2):380-386.
[9] Hobfoll, S. E.. Conservation of Resources:A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 1989, 44(3):513.
[10]曹霞,瞿皎姣.资源保存理论溯源、主要内容探析及启示.中国人力资源开发, 2014,(15):75-80.
[11] Ng, T. W. H., Feldman, D. C.. Employee Voice Behavior:A Meta-analytic Test of the Conservation of Resources Framework.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2012, 33(2):216-234.
[12]文吉,侯平平.酒店一线员工情绪智力与工作满意度:基于组织支持感的两阶段调节作用.南开管理评论, 2018, 21(1):146-158.
[13] Halbesleben, J. R. B., Wheeler, A. R.. I Owe You One:Coworker Reciprocity as a Moderator of the Day:Level Exhaustion-Performance Relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2011,32(4):608-626.
[14] Neveu, J. P.. Jailed Resources:Conservation of Resources Theory as Applied to Burnout among Prison Guards. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2007, 28(1):21-42.
[15]李晓艳,周二华.顾客言语侵犯对服务人员离职意愿的影响研究:心理资本的调节作用.南开管理评论, 2012, 15(2):39-47.
[16] Hobfoll, S. E.. Traumatic Stress:A Theory Based on Rapid Loss of Resources. Anxiety Research, 1991, 4(3):187-197.
[17] Arata, C. M., Picou, J. S., Johnson, G. D., Mcnally, T. S.. Coping with Technological Disaster:An Application of the Conservation of Resources Model to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2000,13(1):23-39.
[18] Kaiser, C. F., Sattler, D. N., Bellack, D. R., Dersin, J.. A Conservation of Resources Approach to a Natural Disaster:Sense of Coherence and Psychological Distress. Journal of Social Behavior&Personality, 1996,11(3):459-476.
[19] Benight, C. C., Ironson, G., Klebe, K., Carver, C. S., Wynings,C., Burnett, K.. Conservation of Resources and Coping Self-efficacy Predicting Distress Following a Natural Disaster:A Causal Model Analysis Where the Environment Meets the Mind. Anxiety Stress&Coping, 1999, 12(2):107-126.
[20] Hobfoll, S. E.. Conser vation of Resources and Disaster in Cultural Context:The Caravans and Passageways for Resources. Psychiatry:Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 2012,75(3):227-232.
[21] Hobfoll, S. E., Jackson, A. P.. Conservation of Resources in Community Intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1991, 19(1):111-121.
[22] Dirik, G., Karanci, A. N.. Psychological Distress in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients:An Evaluation within the Conservation of Resources Theory. Psychology&Health, 2010, 25(5):617-632.
[23] Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L.. A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks.N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(20):1507-1512.
[24] Zeidner, M., Ben-Zur, H., Reshef-Weil. S.. Vicarious Life Threat:An Experimental Test of Conservation of Resources(COR)Theory. Personality&Individual Differences, 2011, 50(5):641-645.
[25] McKercher, B., Yankholmes, A.. Travel as Learned Behavior:Western Migrants in Hong Kong and Macau. Tourism Management, 2018,(67):191-200.
[26] Font, X.. Managing the Tourist Destination`s Image. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1997, 3(2):123-131.
[27] Assaker, G., Hallak, R.. Moderating Effects of Tourists`Novelty-seeking Tendencies on Destination Image, Visitor Satisfaction, and Short-and Long-term Revisit Intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 2013, 52(5):600-613.
[28] Stylidis, D., Shani, A., Belhassen, Y.. Testing an Integrated Destination Image Model across Residents and Tourists. Tourism Management, 2017,(58):184-195.
[29] Kozak, M.. Measuring Tourist Satisfaction with Multiple Destination Attributes. Tourism Analysis, 2003, 7(3-4):229-240.
[30] Oliver, R. L.. Satisfaction:A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. ME Sharpe. Inc., New York. 2010.
[31]马天,李想,谢彦君.换汤不换药?游客满意度测量的迷思.旅游学刊, 2017, 32(6):53-63.
[32] Pizam, A., Neumann, Y., Reichel, A.. Dimensions of Tourist Satisfaction with a Destination Area. Annals of Tourism Research,1978, 5(3):314-322.
[33] Chi, G. Q. C., Qu, H. L.. Examining the Structural Relationships of Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty:An Integrated Approach. Tourism Management, 2008,29(4):624-636.
[34] Tsunghung, L.. A Structural Model for Examining How Destination Image and Interpretation Services Affect Future Visitation Behavior:A Case Study of Taiwan`s Taomi Eco-village. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2009, 17(6):727-745.
[35]李天元,向招明.目的地旅游产品中的好客精神及其培育.华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2006,(4):66-72.
[36]马红丽.中国旅游热点城市入境游客居民好客度感知研究.陕西师范大学, 2010.
[37]王宁.旅游中的互动本真性:好客旅游研究.广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2007, 29(6):18-24.
[38]刘军林.好客旅游开发中的本真性问题研究.湖北社会科学,2011,(4):111-113.
[39] Dupuis-Blanchard, S., Neufeld, A., Strang, V. R.. The Significance of Social Engagement in Relocated Older Adults. Qualitative Health Research, 2009, 19(9):1186-1195.
[40]白凯,马耀峰,周忠学.入境游客消费决策行为影响研究——以北京市为例.北京社会科学, 2005,(3):66-71.
[41] Woosnam, K. M., Shafer, C. S., Scott, D.. Tourists`Perceived Safety through Emotional Solidarity with Residents in Two Mexico-United States Border Regions. Tourism Management,2015, 46(46):263-273.
[42] Baloglu, S., McCleary, K. W.. U. S. International Pleasure Travelers`Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations:A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research,1999, 38(2):144-152.
[43] Bigné, J. E., Sánchez, M. I., Sánchez, J.. Tourism Image, Evaluation Variables and after Purchase Behaviour:Inter-relationship.Tourism Management, 2001, 22(6):607-616.
[44] Prayag, G.. Tourists`Evaluations of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Future Behavioral Intentions:The Case of Mauritius.Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing, 2009, 26(8):836-853.
[45] S?nmez, S. F., Graefe, A. R.. Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 37(2):171-177.
[46] Kock, F., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G.. Advancing Destination Image:The Destination Content Model. Annals of Tourism Research, 2016,(61):28-44.
[47] S?nmez, S. F., Graefe, A. R.. Inf luence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 1998,25(1):112-144.
[48] Lubbe, B.. Primary Image as a Dimension of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing, 1998, 7(4):21-43.
[49] Seidman, A., Brown, S. C.. Integrating Outside Learning with the Classroom Experience:The Student Learning Imperative.Education, 2006, 127(Fall):109-114.
[50] Gmelch, G.. Crossing Cultures:Student Travel and Personal Development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1997,21(4):475-490.
[51] Pearce, P. L., Foster, F.. A “University of Travel”:Backpacker Learning. Tourism Management, 2007, 28(5):1285-1298.
[52] Hong, Y., Huang, N., Burtch, G., Li, C.. Culture, Conformity and Emotional Suppression in Online Reviews. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2016, 17(11):737-758.
[53] Chen, G. M., Starosta, W. J.. Intercultural Communication Competence:A Synthesis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 1996, 81(1):18-19.
[54] Chen, C. F., Sambath, P.. A Closer Look at Destination:Image,Personality, Relationship and Loyalty. Tourism Management,2013, 36(3):269-278.
[55] George, R.. Visitor Perceptions of Crime-Safety and Attitudes towards Risk:The Case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(6):806-815.
[56] Baloglu, S., Brinberg, D.. Affective Images of Tourism Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, 35(4):11-15.
[57] Gao, B., Li, X., Liu, S.. How Power Distance Affects Online Hotel Ratings:The Positive Moderating Roles of Hotel Chain and Reviewers`Travel Experience. Tourism Management, 2018,(65):176-186.
[58]周浩,龙立荣.共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展, 2004, 12(6):942-950.
[59]吴明隆.结构方程模型:A mos实务进阶.重庆大学出版社,2013.
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