甜菜碱对单胃动物能量代谢的作用机制与应用
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摘要
甜菜碱作为一种饲料添加剂,它有三个活性甲基。作为甲基供体,通过表观遗传调控机制调控能量代谢关键基因的表达,从而调控机体的能量代谢。一方面抑制糖的有氧氧化,促进糖异生,提高糖的利用。同时参与肉碱的合成进而促进脂肪酸的β氧化,降低动物腹脂沉积;另一方面,通过改善动物的能量分配,增强蛋白质的合成代谢,改善胴体品质。文章拟从能量代谢的作用机制方面对甜菜碱作为饲料添加剂在单胃动物上的应用进行概述。
Betaine as a feed additive, it has three active methyl groups. As a methyl donor, it regulates the expression of key genes of energy metabolism through epigenetic regulation mechanism, so as to regulate the energy metabolism of the body. On the one hand, it inhibits the aerobic oxidation of glucose, promotes gluconeogenesis, and improves the utilization of glucose. At the same time, it is involved in the synthesis of carnitine to promote the oxidation of fatty acid and reduce the deposition of abdominal lipid. On the other hand, betaine enhance protein anabolism and improve carcass quality by improving animal energy distribution. In this paper, we summarized that betaine as feed additive, the mechanism of energy metabolism and application in monogastric animals.
Betaine as a feed additive, it has three active methyl groups. As a methyl donor, it regulates the expression of key genes of energy metabolism through epigenetic regulation mechanism, so as to regulate the energy metabolism of the body. On the one hand, it inhibits the aerobic oxidation of glucose, promotes gluconeogenesis, and improves the utilization of glucose. At the same time, it is involved in the synthesis of carnitine to promote the oxidation of fatty acid and reduce the deposition of abdominal lipid. On the other hand, betaine enhance protein anabolism and improve carcass quality by improving animal energy distribution. In this paper, we summarized that betaine as feed additive, the mechanism of energy metabolism and application in monogastric animals.
引文
[1] Craig S A. Betaine in human nutrition[J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2004,80(3):539-549.DOI:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539.
[2] Zeisel S H, Mar M H, Howe J C, et al. Concentrations of cholinecontaining compounds and betaine in common foods[J]. Journal of Nutrition, 2003,133(5):1302-1307.DOI:10.1093/jn/133.5.1302.
[3] Rozwadowski K L, Khachatourians G G, Selvaraj G. Choline oxidase, a catabolic enzyme in Arthrobacter pascens, facilitates adaptation to osmotic stress in Escherichia coli[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1991,173(2):472-478.
[4] Zhao G, He F, Wu C, et al. Betaine in Inflammation:Mechanistic Aspects and Applications[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2018,9:1070.DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070.
[5] Kettunen H, Tiihonen K, Peuranen S, et al. Dietary betaine accumulates in the liver and intestinal tissue and stabilizes the intestinal epithelial structure in healthy and coccidia-infected broiler chicks[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 2001,130(4):759-769.
[6] Craig S S, Craig S A, Ganio M S, et al. The betaine content of sweat from adolescent females[J]. J. Int. Soc. Sports. Nutr., 2010,7(1):3.DOI:10.1186/1550-2783-7-3.
[7] Knight I S, Piibe Q, Lambie I, et al. Betaine in the Brain:Characterization of Betaine Uptake, its Influence on Other Osmolytes and its Potential Role in Neuroprotection from Osmotic Stress[J].NEUrochemical Research, 2017, 42(12):3490-3503.DOI:10.1007/s11064-017-2397-3.
[8] Day C R, Kempson S A. Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2016,1860(6):1098-1106.DOI:10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.001.
[9] Eklund M, Bauer E, Wamatu J, et al. Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock[J]. Nutrition Research Reviews, 2005,18(1):31-48.DOI:10.1079/NRR200493.
[10] Ratriyanto A, Mosenthin R, Bauer E, et al. Metabolic, Osmoregulatory and Nutritional Functions of Betaine in Monogastric Animals[J]. Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2009,22(10):1461-1476.DOI:10.5713/ajas.2009.80659.
[11]王俊卿,刘瑞林.甜菜碱、蛋氨酸和胆碱在动物新陈代谢中的作用及相互关系[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版), 2001(4):348-351.
[12] Bunchasak C. Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production[J]. Journal of Poultry Science, 2009,46(3):169-179.DOI:10.2141/jpsa.46.169.
[13]邹思湘.动物生物化学[M].中国农业出版社, 2005.
[14] Wray-cahen D, Fernandez-figares I, Virtanen E, et al. Betaine improves growth, but does not induce whole body or hepatic palmitate oxidation in swine(Sus scrofa domestica)[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular&Integrative Physiology, 2004,137(1):131-140.DOI:10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.09.015.
[15]蔡德敏.母猪妊娠期日粮添加甜菜碱对新生仔猪肝脏糖脂代谢的影响及其表遗传机制[D].南京农业大学, 2015.
[16] Huang Q C, Xu Z R, Han X Y, et al. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenic enzyme activities and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression in finishing pigs[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008,140(3/4):365-375.DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.007.
[17]黄其春.甜菜碱对肥育猪脂肪代谢及其关键酶基因表达的影响与机理研究[D].浙江大学, 2006.
[18]余东游,冯杰,许梓荣.甜菜碱对猪不同阶段脂肪和蛋白质代谢的影响[J].中国兽医学报, 2001(2):200-203.
[19]邹晓庭,卢建军.甜菜碱调控蛋鸡脂肪代谢的机理研究[J].中国农业科学, 2002(3):325-330.
[20]王敏奇,许梓荣,汪以真.甜菜碱对生长猪脂肪代谢的影响[J].浙江农业学报, 2001(6):15-18.
[21] Yu D Y, Xu Z R, Li W F. Effects of betaine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing pigs[J]. Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004,17(12):1700-1704.DOI:10.5713/ajas.2004.1700.
[22] Feng J, Liu X, Wang Y Z, et al. Effects of betaine on performence, carcass characteristics and hepatic betaine-hornocysteine methyltransferase activity in finishing barrows[J]. Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2006,19(3):402-405.DOI:10.5713/ajas.2006.402.
[23]张冬梅,边连全,安磊旭,等.肉碱与甜菜碱对育肥猪生长性能及脂肪代谢的影响[J].河南农业科学, 2009(4):111-114.
[24] Smith G I, Patterson B W, Mittendorfer B. Human muscle protein turnover--why is it so variable?[J]. J. Appl. Physiol.(1985),2011,110(2):480-491.DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00125.2010.
[25] Astratenkova I V, Rogozkin V A. Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy[J]. Ross Fiziol. Zh. Im. I. M. Sechenova.,2014,100(6):649-669.
[26] Bonaldo P, Sandri M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy[J]. Disease Models&Mechanisms, 2013,6(1):25-39.DOI:10.1242/dmm.010389.
[27] Fernandez-figares I, Wray-cahen D, Steele N C, et al. Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(2):421-428.
[28] Schrama J W, Heetkamp M J, Simmins P H, et al. Dietary betaine supplementation affects energy metabolism of pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2003, 81(5):1202-1209.DOI:10.2527/2003.8151202x.
[29] J. W. Schrama, M. J. W. Heetkamp, P. H. Simmins,等.日粮中添加甜菜碱对猪能量代谢的影响[J].饲料与畜牧, 2008(5):49-55.
[30] Tomas F M, Campbell R G, King R H, et al. Growth hormone increases whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1992,70(10):3138-3143.
[31] Matthews J O, Southern L L, Pontif J E, et al. Interactive effects of betaine, crude protein, and net energy in finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1998,76(9):2444-2455.
[32]汪以真,冯杰,许梓荣.甜菜碱对杜长大肥育猪生长性能、胴体组成和肉质的影响[J].动物营养学报, 1998(3):21-28.
[33]许梓荣,占秀安.甜菜碱对肉雏鸡蛋氨酸和脂肪代谢的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报, 1998(3):21-28.
[34]郭玉琴,丁角立,何菁.日粮中不同甜菜碱和胆碱水平对肉仔鸡脂类代谢的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 1998(5):31-32.
[35]马建爽,常文环,张姝,等.甜菜碱对肉鸡生长性能、脂质代谢及肌肉风味品质的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2015,27(1):185-195.
[36]马玉龙,许梓荣,邹晓庭,等.甜菜碱对产蛋鸡脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2000(3):63.
[37]曹华斌,郭小权,胡国良,等.甜菜碱对蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征肝脏脂类代谢的影响[C].中国畜牧兽医学会家畜内科学分会第七届代表大会暨学术研讨会,中国江西南昌.
[38] Xing J, Kang L, Jiang Y. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenesis gene expression and CpG methylation of lipoprotein lipase gene in broilers[J]. Molecular Biology Reports,2011,38(3):1975-1981.DOI:10.1007/s11033-010-0319-4.
[39] Chen R, Zhuang S, Chen Y P, et al. Betaine improves the growth performance and muscle growth of partridge shank broiler chickens via altering myogenic gene expression and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway[J]. Poult. Sci., 2018,97(12):4297-4305.DOI:10.3382/ps/pey303.
[40]王俊东,李俊平,张建峰,等.不同时期添加甜菜碱对肉鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响[J].中国兽医学报, 2004(1):87-91.
[41]孙华,杨维仁,杨在宾,等.甜菜碱代替蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能及蛋白质代谢的影响[J].中国粮油学报, 2009,24(9):90-96.
[42]汪以真,许梓荣,陈民利.甜菜碱对1至21日龄肉鸭体脂重分配的作用效果及机理[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1999(6):68-72.
[43] Jeong D W, Cho I T, Kim T S, et al. Effects of lactate dehydrogenase suppression and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression on cellular metabolism[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2006, 284(1/2):1-8. DOI:10.1007/s11010-005-9004-7.
[44]张宇金,季宇彬,何立巍.甜菜碱的抗肿瘤作用及对S_(180)荷瘤小鼠机体糖代谢过程的影响[J].中草药, 2006(9):1378-1380.
[45] Du J, Shen L, Tan Z, et al. Betaine Supplementation Enhances Lipid Metabolism and Improves Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a HighFat Diet[J]. Nutrients,2018,10(2).DOI:10.3390/nu10020131.
[46] Wang L, Chen L, Tan Y, et al. Betaine supplement alleviates hepatic triglyceride accumulation of apolipoprotein E deficient mice via reducing methylation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha promoter[J]. Lipids in Health and Disease,2013,12(34).DOI:10.1186/1476-511X-12-34.
[47]周静雅,王丽君,侯孟君,等.甜菜碱对非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠肝脏脂代谢的影响[J].营养学报, 2014,36(4):371-376.
[48] Wang L J, Zhang H W, Zhou J Y, et al. Betaine attenuates hepatic steatosis by reducing methylation of the MTTP promoter and elevating genomic methylation in mice fed a high-fat diet[J].Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2014, 25(3):329-336. DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.007.
[49] Kim D H, Lee B, Kim M J, et al. Molecular Mechanism of Betaine on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism:Inhibition of Forkhead Box O1(FoxO1)Binding to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma(PPARgamma)[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2016, 64(36):6819-6825.DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02644.
[50] Du J, Shen L, Zhang P, et al. The regulation of skeletal muscle fiber-type composition by betaine is associated with NFATc1/MyoD[J]. J. Mol. Med.(Berl.), 2018,96(7):685-700.DOI:10.1007/s00109-018-1657-2.
[51] Senesi p, luzi l, montesano a, et al. Betaine supplement enhances skeletal muscle differentiation in murine myoblasts via IGF-1signaling activation[J]. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2013,11:174.DOI:10.1186/1479-5876-11-174.
[2] Zeisel S H, Mar M H, Howe J C, et al. Concentrations of cholinecontaining compounds and betaine in common foods[J]. Journal of Nutrition, 2003,133(5):1302-1307.DOI:10.1093/jn/133.5.1302.
[3] Rozwadowski K L, Khachatourians G G, Selvaraj G. Choline oxidase, a catabolic enzyme in Arthrobacter pascens, facilitates adaptation to osmotic stress in Escherichia coli[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1991,173(2):472-478.
[4] Zhao G, He F, Wu C, et al. Betaine in Inflammation:Mechanistic Aspects and Applications[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2018,9:1070.DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070.
[5] Kettunen H, Tiihonen K, Peuranen S, et al. Dietary betaine accumulates in the liver and intestinal tissue and stabilizes the intestinal epithelial structure in healthy and coccidia-infected broiler chicks[J]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 2001,130(4):759-769.
[6] Craig S S, Craig S A, Ganio M S, et al. The betaine content of sweat from adolescent females[J]. J. Int. Soc. Sports. Nutr., 2010,7(1):3.DOI:10.1186/1550-2783-7-3.
[7] Knight I S, Piibe Q, Lambie I, et al. Betaine in the Brain:Characterization of Betaine Uptake, its Influence on Other Osmolytes and its Potential Role in Neuroprotection from Osmotic Stress[J].NEUrochemical Research, 2017, 42(12):3490-3503.DOI:10.1007/s11064-017-2397-3.
[8] Day C R, Kempson S A. Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2016,1860(6):1098-1106.DOI:10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.001.
[9] Eklund M, Bauer E, Wamatu J, et al. Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock[J]. Nutrition Research Reviews, 2005,18(1):31-48.DOI:10.1079/NRR200493.
[10] Ratriyanto A, Mosenthin R, Bauer E, et al. Metabolic, Osmoregulatory and Nutritional Functions of Betaine in Monogastric Animals[J]. Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2009,22(10):1461-1476.DOI:10.5713/ajas.2009.80659.
[11]王俊卿,刘瑞林.甜菜碱、蛋氨酸和胆碱在动物新陈代谢中的作用及相互关系[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版), 2001(4):348-351.
[12] Bunchasak C. Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production[J]. Journal of Poultry Science, 2009,46(3):169-179.DOI:10.2141/jpsa.46.169.
[13]邹思湘.动物生物化学[M].中国农业出版社, 2005.
[14] Wray-cahen D, Fernandez-figares I, Virtanen E, et al. Betaine improves growth, but does not induce whole body or hepatic palmitate oxidation in swine(Sus scrofa domestica)[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular&Integrative Physiology, 2004,137(1):131-140.DOI:10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.09.015.
[15]蔡德敏.母猪妊娠期日粮添加甜菜碱对新生仔猪肝脏糖脂代谢的影响及其表遗传机制[D].南京农业大学, 2015.
[16] Huang Q C, Xu Z R, Han X Y, et al. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenic enzyme activities and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression in finishing pigs[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008,140(3/4):365-375.DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.007.
[17]黄其春.甜菜碱对肥育猪脂肪代谢及其关键酶基因表达的影响与机理研究[D].浙江大学, 2006.
[18]余东游,冯杰,许梓荣.甜菜碱对猪不同阶段脂肪和蛋白质代谢的影响[J].中国兽医学报, 2001(2):200-203.
[19]邹晓庭,卢建军.甜菜碱调控蛋鸡脂肪代谢的机理研究[J].中国农业科学, 2002(3):325-330.
[20]王敏奇,许梓荣,汪以真.甜菜碱对生长猪脂肪代谢的影响[J].浙江农业学报, 2001(6):15-18.
[21] Yu D Y, Xu Z R, Li W F. Effects of betaine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing pigs[J]. Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004,17(12):1700-1704.DOI:10.5713/ajas.2004.1700.
[22] Feng J, Liu X, Wang Y Z, et al. Effects of betaine on performence, carcass characteristics and hepatic betaine-hornocysteine methyltransferase activity in finishing barrows[J]. Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2006,19(3):402-405.DOI:10.5713/ajas.2006.402.
[23]张冬梅,边连全,安磊旭,等.肉碱与甜菜碱对育肥猪生长性能及脂肪代谢的影响[J].河南农业科学, 2009(4):111-114.
[24] Smith G I, Patterson B W, Mittendorfer B. Human muscle protein turnover--why is it so variable?[J]. J. Appl. Physiol.(1985),2011,110(2):480-491.DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00125.2010.
[25] Astratenkova I V, Rogozkin V A. Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy[J]. Ross Fiziol. Zh. Im. I. M. Sechenova.,2014,100(6):649-669.
[26] Bonaldo P, Sandri M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy[J]. Disease Models&Mechanisms, 2013,6(1):25-39.DOI:10.1242/dmm.010389.
[27] Fernandez-figares I, Wray-cahen D, Steele N C, et al. Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(2):421-428.
[28] Schrama J W, Heetkamp M J, Simmins P H, et al. Dietary betaine supplementation affects energy metabolism of pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2003, 81(5):1202-1209.DOI:10.2527/2003.8151202x.
[29] J. W. Schrama, M. J. W. Heetkamp, P. H. Simmins,等.日粮中添加甜菜碱对猪能量代谢的影响[J].饲料与畜牧, 2008(5):49-55.
[30] Tomas F M, Campbell R G, King R H, et al. Growth hormone increases whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1992,70(10):3138-3143.
[31] Matthews J O, Southern L L, Pontif J E, et al. Interactive effects of betaine, crude protein, and net energy in finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1998,76(9):2444-2455.
[32]汪以真,冯杰,许梓荣.甜菜碱对杜长大肥育猪生长性能、胴体组成和肉质的影响[J].动物营养学报, 1998(3):21-28.
[33]许梓荣,占秀安.甜菜碱对肉雏鸡蛋氨酸和脂肪代谢的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报, 1998(3):21-28.
[34]郭玉琴,丁角立,何菁.日粮中不同甜菜碱和胆碱水平对肉仔鸡脂类代谢的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 1998(5):31-32.
[35]马建爽,常文环,张姝,等.甜菜碱对肉鸡生长性能、脂质代谢及肌肉风味品质的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2015,27(1):185-195.
[36]马玉龙,许梓荣,邹晓庭,等.甜菜碱对产蛋鸡脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2000(3):63.
[37]曹华斌,郭小权,胡国良,等.甜菜碱对蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征肝脏脂类代谢的影响[C].中国畜牧兽医学会家畜内科学分会第七届代表大会暨学术研讨会,中国江西南昌.
[38] Xing J, Kang L, Jiang Y. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenesis gene expression and CpG methylation of lipoprotein lipase gene in broilers[J]. Molecular Biology Reports,2011,38(3):1975-1981.DOI:10.1007/s11033-010-0319-4.
[39] Chen R, Zhuang S, Chen Y P, et al. Betaine improves the growth performance and muscle growth of partridge shank broiler chickens via altering myogenic gene expression and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway[J]. Poult. Sci., 2018,97(12):4297-4305.DOI:10.3382/ps/pey303.
[40]王俊东,李俊平,张建峰,等.不同时期添加甜菜碱对肉鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响[J].中国兽医学报, 2004(1):87-91.
[41]孙华,杨维仁,杨在宾,等.甜菜碱代替蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能及蛋白质代谢的影响[J].中国粮油学报, 2009,24(9):90-96.
[42]汪以真,许梓荣,陈民利.甜菜碱对1至21日龄肉鸭体脂重分配的作用效果及机理[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1999(6):68-72.
[43] Jeong D W, Cho I T, Kim T S, et al. Effects of lactate dehydrogenase suppression and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression on cellular metabolism[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2006, 284(1/2):1-8. DOI:10.1007/s11010-005-9004-7.
[44]张宇金,季宇彬,何立巍.甜菜碱的抗肿瘤作用及对S_(180)荷瘤小鼠机体糖代谢过程的影响[J].中草药, 2006(9):1378-1380.
[45] Du J, Shen L, Tan Z, et al. Betaine Supplementation Enhances Lipid Metabolism and Improves Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a HighFat Diet[J]. Nutrients,2018,10(2).DOI:10.3390/nu10020131.
[46] Wang L, Chen L, Tan Y, et al. Betaine supplement alleviates hepatic triglyceride accumulation of apolipoprotein E deficient mice via reducing methylation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha promoter[J]. Lipids in Health and Disease,2013,12(34).DOI:10.1186/1476-511X-12-34.
[47]周静雅,王丽君,侯孟君,等.甜菜碱对非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠肝脏脂代谢的影响[J].营养学报, 2014,36(4):371-376.
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