现代汉语否定词“不”的语段理论分析
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摘要
关于现代汉语否定词"不"的句法地位,有三种观点,一为黏着词素,和其他词合并;二为独立的中心语,产生独立的投射NegP;三为附加语成分,附加到动词短语之上。经过分析,我们认为"不"为黏着词素。但与Huang和Ernst的观点不同,我们认为"不"作为黏着词素与动词、形容词、介词、副词、情态动词等中心语合并生成新的中心语,为原来语段中心语的扩展投射。这是在Boskovic语段理论下做出的分析。这一观点能够得到删略原则的验证。根据这一原则,我们能够解释汉语中的"不"后删略的现象。此外,"不"的辖域为整个NegP也能融入到新语段理论中来。
Three different views(clitic, head, and adjunct) in literature have been argued about the syntactic status of negative marker "bu" in Mandarin Chinese. In this analysis, we propose that "bu" should be a clitic. Different from the viewpoint of Huang and Ernst, "bu", as a clitic, merges with verbs, adjective,prepositions, adverbs or modals respectively with the process of head incorporation, thus generating the extended projection of original head respectively. This analysis, under Boskovic's new phase theory, can be proved from the perspective of ellipsis. This can also be argued with the ellipsis phenomenon after negative marker "bu" in Mandarin Chinese. In addition, we argue that the scope of negative marker "bu" is "NegP",which can also be incorporated into the new phase theory.
Three different views(clitic, head, and adjunct) in literature have been argued about the syntactic status of negative marker "bu" in Mandarin Chinese. In this analysis, we propose that "bu" should be a clitic. Different from the viewpoint of Huang and Ernst, "bu", as a clitic, merges with verbs, adjective,prepositions, adverbs or modals respectively with the process of head incorporation, thus generating the extended projection of original head respectively. This analysis, under Boskovic's new phase theory, can be proved from the perspective of ellipsis. This can also be argued with the ellipsis phenomenon after negative marker "bu" in Mandarin Chinese. In addition, we argue that the scope of negative marker "bu" is "NegP",which can also be incorporated into the new phase theory.
引文
[1] Boskovic, Z. 2011. Rescue by PF deletion, traces as(non)-interveners, and the that-trace effect[J]. Linguistic Inquiry,(42):1-44.
[2] Boskovic, Z. 2014. Now I'm a phase, now I'm not a phase:On the variability of phases with extraction and ellipsis[J].Linguistic Inquiry,(45):27-89.
[3] Boskovic, Z. 2015. From complex NP constraint to everything:On deep extractions across catcgorics[J]. The linguistic Review(GLOW issue),(32):603-669.
[4] Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding:The Pisa Lectures[M]. Foris:Dordrecht.
[5] Chomsky, N. 2001. Derivation by phase[A]. In M. Kenstowicz(ed.). Ken Hale:A Life in Language[C]. Cambridge:MIT Press.
[6] Ernst, T. 1995. Negation in Mandarin Chinese[J]. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,(13):665-707.
[7] Huang, C.-T. 1982. Local Relations in Chinese and Theory of Grammar[D]. Cambridge:MIT.
[8] Huang, C.-T. 1988. Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure[J]. Language,(64):274-311.
[9] Huang, C.-T., Y.-H. Li&Y. Li. 2009. The Syntax qfChinese[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[10] Lee, P.-L.&H. Pan. 2001. Chinese negation marker bu and its association with focus[J]. Linguistics,(39):703-731.
[11] Li, C. 2015. On the V-de construction in Mandarin Chinese[J]. Lingua Sinica,(6):1-40.
[12] Lin, H-T. 2001. Light Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure[D]. Irvine:University of California.
[13] Lin, J.&J. Tang. 1995. Modals as verbs in Chinese:A GB perspective[J]. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology,Academia Sinica,(66):53-105.
[14] Wurmbrand, S. 2014. Tense and aspect in English infinitives[J]. Linguistic Inquiry,(3):403-447.
[15] Wurmbrand, S. 2017. Stripping and topless complements[J].Linguistic Inquiry(2):341-366.
[16]陈莉李宝伦潘海华.2013.汉语否定词“不”的句法地位[J].语言科学,(4):337-348.
[17]邓思颖.2002.经济原则和汉语没有动词的句子[J].现代外语,(1):1-13.
[18]董秀芳.2003.“不”与所修饰的中心词的粘合现象[J].当代语言学,(1):12-24.
[19]冯胜利.2000.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社.
[20]胡建华.2007.否定、焦点与辖域[J].中国语文,(2):99-112.
[21]李梅.2007.现代汉语否定句法研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[22]李莹徐杰.2010.形式句法框架下的现代汉语体标记研究[J].现代外语,(4):355-362.
[23]王世龙.2014.Boskovic语段理论下汉语谓语删略分析[J].现代外语(6):773-782.
[24]王世龙.2016a.Boskovic语段理论下汉语名词短语语段地位分析[J].语言教育,(3):35-43.
[23]王世龙.2016b.汉语名词短语左分枝提取的语段理论分析[J].现代外语,(5):627-637.
[26]熊仲儒.2003.现代汉语中的致使句式.博士学位论文[D].北京:北京语言大学.
[27]徐杰李英哲.1993.焦点和两个非线性语法范踌:“否定”“疑问”[J].中国语文,(2):146-158.
[28]杨寿勋.1998.“得”的生成语法研究[J].现代外语,(1):51-73.
[29]袁毓林.2000.论否定句的焦点、预设和辖域歧义[J].中国语文,(2):99-108.
[30]朱德熙.1982.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[31]庄会斌.2013.汉语否定标记“不”的句法释读[J].外文研究,(3):31-38.
(1)有人提出,“不”可以单独出现,我们认为其地位相当于英语的“no”。实际上,英语的no和汉语的“不”后面最好有进一步的重复和详细的说明。如:Didyoufinishthetask?No,Ididn't.你吃苹果吗?不,我不吃/不。这也进一步说明了“不”的粘着性。
(1)王世龙(2014)对汉语的谓语删略现象做出了详细的分析,充分论证了语段理论下删略标准的可行性。
(1)王世龙(2014、2016a、2016b)对此语段理论做了详细的汉语方面的论证。Wurmbrand(2014、2017)也论证了语段的动态性、语境性。
(1)这里“得”为轻动词、还是后缀,对我们的分析没有影响,都是和动词合并,后接小句CP或AdvP结构。
(2)对于“得”字结构,有两种观点:首要谓语假设和次要谓语假设。前者认为“得”后为句子的主要成分,后者认为“得”前为句子的主要成分。这里我们遵循Huang(1988)的次要谓语假设的观点。
(1)多音节结构“不大声”、“不慢慢”等实际上还是两两合并的运算,“不”和“大声”,“不”和“慢慢”合并,两个成分合并。
[2] Boskovic, Z. 2014. Now I'm a phase, now I'm not a phase:On the variability of phases with extraction and ellipsis[J].Linguistic Inquiry,(45):27-89.
[3] Boskovic, Z. 2015. From complex NP constraint to everything:On deep extractions across catcgorics[J]. The linguistic Review(GLOW issue),(32):603-669.
[4] Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding:The Pisa Lectures[M]. Foris:Dordrecht.
[5] Chomsky, N. 2001. Derivation by phase[A]. In M. Kenstowicz(ed.). Ken Hale:A Life in Language[C]. Cambridge:MIT Press.
[6] Ernst, T. 1995. Negation in Mandarin Chinese[J]. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,(13):665-707.
[7] Huang, C.-T. 1982. Local Relations in Chinese and Theory of Grammar[D]. Cambridge:MIT.
[8] Huang, C.-T. 1988. Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure[J]. Language,(64):274-311.
[9] Huang, C.-T., Y.-H. Li&Y. Li. 2009. The Syntax qfChinese[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[10] Lee, P.-L.&H. Pan. 2001. Chinese negation marker bu and its association with focus[J]. Linguistics,(39):703-731.
[11] Li, C. 2015. On the V-de construction in Mandarin Chinese[J]. Lingua Sinica,(6):1-40.
[12] Lin, H-T. 2001. Light Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure[D]. Irvine:University of California.
[13] Lin, J.&J. Tang. 1995. Modals as verbs in Chinese:A GB perspective[J]. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology,Academia Sinica,(66):53-105.
[14] Wurmbrand, S. 2014. Tense and aspect in English infinitives[J]. Linguistic Inquiry,(3):403-447.
[15] Wurmbrand, S. 2017. Stripping and topless complements[J].Linguistic Inquiry(2):341-366.
[16]陈莉李宝伦潘海华.2013.汉语否定词“不”的句法地位[J].语言科学,(4):337-348.
[17]邓思颖.2002.经济原则和汉语没有动词的句子[J].现代外语,(1):1-13.
[18]董秀芳.2003.“不”与所修饰的中心词的粘合现象[J].当代语言学,(1):12-24.
[19]冯胜利.2000.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社.
[20]胡建华.2007.否定、焦点与辖域[J].中国语文,(2):99-112.
[21]李梅.2007.现代汉语否定句法研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[22]李莹徐杰.2010.形式句法框架下的现代汉语体标记研究[J].现代外语,(4):355-362.
[23]王世龙.2014.Boskovic语段理论下汉语谓语删略分析[J].现代外语(6):773-782.
[24]王世龙.2016a.Boskovic语段理论下汉语名词短语语段地位分析[J].语言教育,(3):35-43.
[23]王世龙.2016b.汉语名词短语左分枝提取的语段理论分析[J].现代外语,(5):627-637.
[26]熊仲儒.2003.现代汉语中的致使句式.博士学位论文[D].北京:北京语言大学.
[27]徐杰李英哲.1993.焦点和两个非线性语法范踌:“否定”“疑问”[J].中国语文,(2):146-158.
[28]杨寿勋.1998.“得”的生成语法研究[J].现代外语,(1):51-73.
[29]袁毓林.2000.论否定句的焦点、预设和辖域歧义[J].中国语文,(2):99-108.
[30]朱德熙.1982.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[31]庄会斌.2013.汉语否定标记“不”的句法释读[J].外文研究,(3):31-38.
(1)有人提出,“不”可以单独出现,我们认为其地位相当于英语的“no”。实际上,英语的no和汉语的“不”后面最好有进一步的重复和详细的说明。如:Didyoufinishthetask?No,Ididn't.你吃苹果吗?不,我不吃/不。这也进一步说明了“不”的粘着性。
(1)王世龙(2014)对汉语的谓语删略现象做出了详细的分析,充分论证了语段理论下删略标准的可行性。
(1)王世龙(2014、2016a、2016b)对此语段理论做了详细的汉语方面的论证。Wurmbrand(2014、2017)也论证了语段的动态性、语境性。
(1)这里“得”为轻动词、还是后缀,对我们的分析没有影响,都是和动词合并,后接小句CP或AdvP结构。
(2)对于“得”字结构,有两种观点:首要谓语假设和次要谓语假设。前者认为“得”后为句子的主要成分,后者认为“得”前为句子的主要成分。这里我们遵循Huang(1988)的次要谓语假设的观点。
(1)多音节结构“不大声”、“不慢慢”等实际上还是两两合并的运算,“不”和“大声”,“不”和“慢慢”合并,两个成分合并。