美国大学的性骚扰防治政策解析——以爱荷华大学为例
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摘要
在美国高校,性骚扰被视为校园里的一个"脓包"。它影响大学肌体的健康发展,必须予以捅破或清除。爱荷华大学是美国高校防治校园性骚扰的一个典范,解读其性骚扰防治政策可以发现:学校领导高度重视性骚扰的防治,并使之成为一项基础性和系统性的工作;性骚扰防治工作呈现出操作性强、多方协作、以人为本以及惩治与教育相结合等特点。当前,中国高校性骚扰案件呈高发态势,校方应立即着手建立一套行之有效的性骚扰防范机制。
Sexual harassment is considered to be "pustule"on campus which impairs the health of universities and must be eliminated. University of Iowa is a typical example of preventing and controlling campus sexual harassment among American universities and colleges. By analyzing its policy against sexual harassment,it shows that the leaders of university pay high attention to the prevention of sexual harassment and make it become a basic and systematic work. Moreover,the prevention work has the characteristics of operability,cooperation,people oriented,the combination of sanctions and education,etc. Currently,the sexual harassment of universities in China shows a high tendency,so the leaders of colleges and universities should establish a series of effective prevention mechanism immediately.
Sexual harassment is considered to be "pustule"on campus which impairs the health of universities and must be eliminated. University of Iowa is a typical example of preventing and controlling campus sexual harassment among American universities and colleges. By analyzing its policy against sexual harassment,it shows that the leaders of university pay high attention to the prevention of sexual harassment and make it become a basic and systematic work. Moreover,the prevention work has the characteristics of operability,cooperation,people oriented,the combination of sanctions and education,etc. Currently,the sexual harassment of universities in China shows a high tendency,so the leaders of colleges and universities should establish a series of effective prevention mechanism immediately.
引文
[1]吴亮.美国对教师骚扰未成年女生案件的调查与处理[J].比较教育研究,2014(3):92-96.
[2]周韵曦.尽快建立高校性骚扰防范机制[N].中国妇女报,2014-09-13(A02).
[3]Wikipedia.University of Iowa[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit_of_Iowa.
[4]RICHARDS T N,CRITTENDEN C,GARLAND T S,et al.An exploration of policies governing faculty-to-student consensual sexual relationships on university campuses:current strategies and future directions[J].Journal of college student development,2014,55(4):337-352.
[5]The University of Iowa.Sexual harassment[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].http://www.uiowa.edu/~our/opmanual/ii/04.htm.
[6]邱莉家.性骚扰性侵害[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].http://www.doc88.com/p-00787347413.html.
[7]郭晨.美国司法中性骚扰与学术自由关系之处理[J].学理念,2013(36):108-111.
[8]The University of Iowa.RVAP:responding to sexual abuse and harassment since 1973[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].http://www.uiowa.edu/~rvap/volunteer.html.
[9]The University of Iowa.Sexual harassment prevention education[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].https://diversity.uiowa.edu/programs/sexual-harassment-prevention-education.
(1)在美国大学,性骚扰有多种表现形式,常见的有学生对学生的性骚扰、教职工对学生的性骚扰和大学行政主管对下属的性骚扰。一旦发生性骚扰,其处理机制也不尽相同。本文主要探讨教师对学生的性骚扰。
(2)由于“sex”一字含性与性别之意,性本质行为与性或性别有重要关联,因此,性本质行为在法律上通常包括下列行为:意图获取性利益之性要求或性提议等行为;实施戏弄、威胁、恐吓、攻击等具有与性有关之敌意行为;以猥亵或色情图片、言词或笑话而制造敌意环境并使人感觉受到冒犯之行为。
(3)受害者(alleged victim),从字面上理解是“自认为的受害者”,指声称受到骚扰或遭到不受欢迎的性行为的个人。因此,这只是个人的断言,由于背后可能存在误会和模糊性,只有经过调查,才能确定是否真正受害。目前国内法律界对此尚无规范的术语翻译,多译为“受害者”,这里也采纳此译法。
(1)经过与一些美国大学生的交谈得知,学生在无法确定某种行为是否构成性骚扰的情况下,倾向于选择非正式解决程序。例如,在派对的场合中,某些行为是否属于性骚扰,往往存在较大的模糊性,尤其是在酒后。
(2)惩戒处分(disciplinary action)可以采取多种形式,主要被视为一种矫正措施,意在防止进一步犯错。最为常见的惩戒处分是警告,情节严重的,则是开除。惩戒处分有时候意味着停职或剥夺某些特权,在少数情况下是降职。
[2]周韵曦.尽快建立高校性骚扰防范机制[N].中国妇女报,2014-09-13(A02).
[3]Wikipedia.University of Iowa[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit_of_Iowa.
[4]RICHARDS T N,CRITTENDEN C,GARLAND T S,et al.An exploration of policies governing faculty-to-student consensual sexual relationships on university campuses:current strategies and future directions[J].Journal of college student development,2014,55(4):337-352.
[5]The University of Iowa.Sexual harassment[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].http://www.uiowa.edu/~our/opmanual/ii/04.htm.
[6]邱莉家.性骚扰性侵害[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].http://www.doc88.com/p-00787347413.html.
[7]郭晨.美国司法中性骚扰与学术自由关系之处理[J].学理念,2013(36):108-111.
[8]The University of Iowa.RVAP:responding to sexual abuse and harassment since 1973[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].http://www.uiowa.edu/~rvap/volunteer.html.
[9]The University of Iowa.Sexual harassment prevention education[EB/OL].[2016-07-25].https://diversity.uiowa.edu/programs/sexual-harassment-prevention-education.
(1)在美国大学,性骚扰有多种表现形式,常见的有学生对学生的性骚扰、教职工对学生的性骚扰和大学行政主管对下属的性骚扰。一旦发生性骚扰,其处理机制也不尽相同。本文主要探讨教师对学生的性骚扰。
(2)由于“sex”一字含性与性别之意,性本质行为与性或性别有重要关联,因此,性本质行为在法律上通常包括下列行为:意图获取性利益之性要求或性提议等行为;实施戏弄、威胁、恐吓、攻击等具有与性有关之敌意行为;以猥亵或色情图片、言词或笑话而制造敌意环境并使人感觉受到冒犯之行为。
(3)受害者(alleged victim),从字面上理解是“自认为的受害者”,指声称受到骚扰或遭到不受欢迎的性行为的个人。因此,这只是个人的断言,由于背后可能存在误会和模糊性,只有经过调查,才能确定是否真正受害。目前国内法律界对此尚无规范的术语翻译,多译为“受害者”,这里也采纳此译法。
(1)经过与一些美国大学生的交谈得知,学生在无法确定某种行为是否构成性骚扰的情况下,倾向于选择非正式解决程序。例如,在派对的场合中,某些行为是否属于性骚扰,往往存在较大的模糊性,尤其是在酒后。
(2)惩戒处分(disciplinary action)可以采取多种形式,主要被视为一种矫正措施,意在防止进一步犯错。最为常见的惩戒处分是警告,情节严重的,则是开除。惩戒处分有时候意味着停职或剥夺某些特权,在少数情况下是降职。