济南市大气颗粒物背景值确定方法
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摘要
城市大气颗粒物背景值的确定能够为制订城市大气颗粒物污染防治目标提供重要基础支撑,探索大气颗粒物背景值确定方法对于大气污染防治具有重要意义.以济南市清洁对照点跑马岭监测数据为基础,直接采用概率密度法计算得到的ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM_(2.5))背景值范围分别是100～110和40～50μg/m~3.综合应用空气质量模型模拟法和概率密度法,提出基于数值模拟的城市大气颗粒物环境背景值确定方法,并在此基础上确定了济南市大气颗粒物背景值.结果表明:济南市ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM_(2.5))背景值范围分别是30～35和15～20μg/m~3,其中ρ(PM10)环境背景值秋季(40～45μg/m~3)最高、夏季(25～30μg/m~3)最低;ρ(PM_(2.5))环境背景值秋季(25～30μg/m~3)最高、冬季(10～15μg/m~3)最低.研究显示,基于数值模拟计算得到的颗粒物背景值明显低于直接采用概率密度法得到的结果,表明跑马岭受人为因素影响明显,监测结果已不能完全代表济南市大气颗粒物背景值水平;而数值模拟法可以完全剔除了人为源的贡献,计算得到较为准确的ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM_(2.5))背景值.
The estimation of urban air particulates background concentrations plays a very important role in establishing objectives for air particulate pollution prevention. In a clean air site in Paomaling,the concentration ranges of PM10 and PM_(2.5) obtained by using probability density statistics were 100-110 and 40-50 μg/m~3. An air quality model and probability density statistics were employed in this study,a numerical simulation method to estimate urban air particulate background concentrations was presented,and the air particulate background concentrations in Jinan was determined. The results show that the concentration ranges of PM10 and PM_(2.5) in Jinan are 30-35 and 15-20μg/m~3,respectively. The concentrations range of PM10 in autumn reaches up to 25-30 μg/m~3,and the minimum value range in summer is25-30 μg/m~3; the concentration range of PM_(2.5) in autumn reaches up to 25-30 μg/m~3,and the minimum value range in summer is 10-15μg/m~3. The value range obtained by the numerical simulation method is obviously lower than that obtained by probability density statistics,which shows that the Paomaling site is already affected by anthropogenic sources,so the estimation of urban air particulate background concentration cannot truly reflect real values. The numerical simulation method can obtain more accurate results due to eliminating the contribution of anthropogenic sources.
The estimation of urban air particulates background concentrations plays a very important role in establishing objectives for air particulate pollution prevention. In a clean air site in Paomaling,the concentration ranges of PM10 and PM_(2.5) obtained by using probability density statistics were 100-110 and 40-50 μg/m~3. An air quality model and probability density statistics were employed in this study,a numerical simulation method to estimate urban air particulate background concentrations was presented,and the air particulate background concentrations in Jinan was determined. The results show that the concentration ranges of PM10 and PM_(2.5) in Jinan are 30-35 and 15-20μg/m~3,respectively. The concentrations range of PM10 in autumn reaches up to 25-30 μg/m~3,and the minimum value range in summer is25-30 μg/m~3; the concentration range of PM_(2.5) in autumn reaches up to 25-30 μg/m~3,and the minimum value range in summer is 10-15μg/m~3. The value range obtained by the numerical simulation method is obviously lower than that obtained by probability density statistics,which shows that the Paomaling site is already affected by anthropogenic sources,so the estimation of urban air particulate background concentration cannot truly reflect real values. The numerical simulation method can obtain more accurate results due to eliminating the contribution of anthropogenic sources.
引文
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[28]李荔,刘倩,李冰等.南京青奥会期间管控措施空气质量改善效果评估[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(2):175-182.LI Li,LIU Qian,LI Bing,et al. Assessment of air quality benefits from control measures during Nanjing Youth Olympic Games[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(2):175-182.
[29]环境保护部.GB 3095—2012环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[30]韩素芹,李培彦,李向津,等.天津市近地层PM2. 5的垂直分布特征[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):975-979.
[31]张普,周来东,王治渊.成都市城区大气颗粒物估计背景值研究[C]//世界现代田园城市空气环境污染防治学术交流会论文集.成都:成都市科技年会,2010:116-122.
[2]WANG Qinghua,DONG Yanxiang,ZHENG Wen,et al. Soil geochemical baseline values and environmental background values in Zhejiang,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(5):590-597.
[3]ZHANG Yuanhui,DU Junmin. Background values of pollutants in sediments of the South China Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2005,60(5):949-952.
[4]AMOROSI A,SAMMARTINO I. Influence of sediment provenance on background values of potentially toxic metals from near-surface sediments of Po coastal plain(Italy)[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences,2007,96(2):389-396.
[5]PUTAUD J,RAES F,VAN DINGENEN R E,et al. European aerosol phenomenology-2:chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside,urban,rural and background sites in Europe[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(16):2579-2595.
[6]CHOI E,CHOI K,YI S M. Non-methane hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of a Metropolitan City and a background site in South Korea:sources and health risk potentials[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(40):7563-7573.
[7]赵谞恺.大气背景值监测中的质量保证工作[J].海峡科学,2010(6):59-63.ZHAO Xukai. Quality assurance and quality control in the monitoring of air background concentration[J]. Straits Science,2010(6):59-63.
[8]US Environmental Protection Agency. Review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter:policy assessment of scientific and technical information[R]. North Carolina:Research Triangle Park,2003:2-53.
[9]蔡旭晖,张睿,宋宇,等.北京地区大气PM10和SO2的背景浓度分析[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(3):445-453.CAI Xuhui,ZHANG Rui,SONG Yu,et al. Estimation of Beijing's PM10and SO2background concentrations[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2004,9(3):445-453.
[10]张远辉,杜俊民.南海表层沉积物中主要污染物的环境背景值[J].海洋学报,2005,27(4):161-166.ZHANG Yuanhui,DU Junmin. Background values of pollutants in sediments of the South China Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2005,27(4):161-166.
[11]陈同斌,郑袁明,陈煌,等.北京市土壤重金属含量背景值的系统研究[J].环境科学,2004,25(1):117-122.CHEN Tongbin,ZHEN Yuanming,CHEN Huang,et al.Background concentrations of soil heavy metals in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2004,25(1):117-122.
[12]JAVITZ H S,WATSON J G,ROBINSON N. Performance of the chemical mass balance model with simulated local-scale aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment,1988,22(10):2309-2322.
[13]SU M C,CHRISTENSEN E R,KARLS J F,et al.Apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sources in lower Fox River,USA,sediments by a chemical mass balance model[J]. Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,2010,19(6):1481-1490.
[14]SHI Guoliang,FENG Yinchang,ZENG Fang,et al. Use of a nonnegative constrained principal component regression chemical mass balance model to study the contributions of nearly collinear sources.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(23):8867-8873.
[15]US Environmental Protection Agency.Use of CAMx in establishing statewide default PM2. 5background concentrations[R]. North Carolina:Research Triangle Park,2008:2-6.
[16]李金香,虞统,赵越,等.北京市大气PM10环境背景值的计算方法探讨[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(9):1525-1533.LI Jinxiang,YU Tong,ZHAO Yue,et al. Estimation of Beijing's atmospheric PM10background concentration based on analysis of synoptic types[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(9):1525-1533.
[17]翟贵华,贾春明,王晓东.长春市区环境空气中TSP环境背景值探讨[C]//第七届全国大气环境学术会议论文集,北京:中国环境科学学会大气环境分会,1998:216-220.
[18]YANG Lingxiao,ZHOU Xuehua,WANG Zhe,et al. Airborne fine particulate pollution in Jinan,China:concentrations,chemical compositions and influence on visibility impairment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,55(3):506-514.
[19]CUI Linlin,ZHANG Ji,ZHANG Jun,et al. Acute respiratory and cardiovascular health effects of an air pollution event,January2013,Jinan,China[J].Public Health,2016,131:99-102.
[20]GAO Xiaomei,YANG Lingxiao,CHENG Shuhui,et al. Semicontinuous measurement of water-soluble ions in PM2. 5in Jinan,China:temporal variations and source apportionments[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(33):6048-6056.
[21]刘雨思,李杏茹,张怡萌,等.济南市秋冬季大气细粒子污染特征及来源[J].环境化学,2017,36(4):787-798.LIU Yusi,LI Xingru,ZHANG Yimeng,et al. Characteristics and sources of airborne fine particles during the fall and winter in Jinan[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(4):787-798.
[22]EDER B,YU S. A performance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(26):4811-4824.
[23]CHE Wenwei,ZHENG Junyu,WANG Shuisheng,et al.Assessment of motor vehicle emission control policies using Model-3/CMAQ model for the Pearl River Delta region,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(9):1740-1751.
[24]CHOI Y J,FERNANDO H J S.Implementation of a windblown dust parameterization into MODELS-3/CMAQ:application to episodic PM events in the US/Mexico border[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(24):6039-6046.
[25]HE Hao,LIANG Xinzhong,WUEBBLES D J. Effects of emissions change,climate change and long-range transport on regional modeling of future U. S. particulate matter pollution and speciation[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,179:166-176.
[26]HU Jianlin,CHEN Jianjun,YING Qi,et al.One-year simulation of ozone and particulate matter in China using WRF/CMAQ modeling system[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2016,16(16):10333-10350.
[27]夏泽群,范小莉,黄志炯,等.国内外PM2. 5源谱对比及其对空气质量模拟效果的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(3):359-367.XIA Zequn,FAN Xiaoli,HUANG Zhijiong,et al. Comparison of domestic and foreign PM2. 5source profiles and influence on air quality simulation[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3):359-367.
[28]李荔,刘倩,李冰等.南京青奥会期间管控措施空气质量改善效果评估[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(2):175-182.LI Li,LIU Qian,LI Bing,et al. Assessment of air quality benefits from control measures during Nanjing Youth Olympic Games[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(2):175-182.
[29]环境保护部.GB 3095—2012环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[30]韩素芹,李培彦,李向津,等.天津市近地层PM2. 5的垂直分布特征[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):975-979.
[31]张普,周来东,王治渊.成都市城区大气颗粒物估计背景值研究[C]//世界现代田园城市空气环境污染防治学术交流会论文集.成都:成都市科技年会,2010:116-122.