“硬汉”的另一面——索尔·贝娄对美国“硬汉精神”的再思考
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摘要
"硬汉精神"是美国民族精神的重要维度。对于美国的民族文学而言,"硬汉"、"硬汉精神"具有原型、母题意义。与美国"土生子"作家海明威等不同,索尔·贝娄在其芝加哥小说系中,对"硬汉精神"进行了意义重估,揭示出其所具有的消极品质:一方面,它压抑了真情实感、缺乏内心观照;另一方面,"硬汉精神"与"社会达尔文主义"具有颇为一致的文化逻辑,在美国现代化的历史进程中,二者的合流导致道德失范,人心败坏。
Toughness is a significant dimension of the American character. This ethos and its very epitome — tough guys — make their way into the national culture and literature, in which they are given great credit. Saul Bellow sets himself apart from the "native-born" writers such as Hemingway by troubling the notion of American toughness. His Chicago-based novels demonstrate that this national character suppresses introspection and that the common "cultural logic" it shares with social Darwinism corrupts and demoralizes those tough guys to the core.
Toughness is a significant dimension of the American character. This ethos and its very epitome — tough guys — make their way into the national culture and literature, in which they are given great credit. Saul Bellow sets himself apart from the "native-born" writers such as Hemingway by troubling the notion of American toughness. His Chicago-based novels demonstrate that this national character suppresses introspection and that the common "cultural logic" it shares with social Darwinism corrupts and demoralizes those tough guys to the core.
引文
Amis,Martin.“Introduction.”More Die of Heartbreak.By Saul Bellow.London:Penguin Books,2007.v–xxi.
Atlas,James.Bellow:A Biography.New York:Random House,2000.
Bakke,J.Fiction as Survival Strategy:A Comparative Study of the Major Works of Ernest Hemingway and Saul Bellow.Amsterdam:Rodopi B.V.,1983.
Bellow,Saul.Dangling Man.London:Penguin Books,2007.
---.Dangling Man.Trans.Pu Long.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《晃来晃去的人》,蒲隆译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
---.Humboldt’s Gift.Trans.Pu Long.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《洪堡的礼物》,蒲隆译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
---.The Dean’s December.Trans.Chen Yongguo,et al.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《院长的十二月》,陈永国等译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
---.The Adventures of Augie March.Trans.Song Zhaolin.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《奥吉·马奇历险记》,宋兆霖译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
Elliott,Emory,ed.Columbia Literary History of the United States.Trans.Zhu Tongbo,et al.Chengdu:Sichuan Lexicographical Press,1994.[埃默里·埃里奥特主编:《哥伦比亚美国文学史》,朱通伯等译,成都:四川辞书出版,1994年。]
Harper,Gordon Lloyd.“Saul Bellow,The Art of Fiction No.37.”The Paris Review.Web 8 May.2017.
Hemingway,Ernest.Death in the Afternoon.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1932.
Hofstadter,Richard.Social Darwinism in American Thought.Boston:Beacon Press,1955.
Leader,Zachary.The Life of Saul Bellow:To Fame and Fortune 1915–1964.New York:Alfred A.Knope,2015.
Lyons,Bonnie.“From‘Dangling Man’to Colonies of the Spirit.”Studies in American Jewish Literature(1975–1979)4.2(1978):45–50.
Solotaroff,Robert.“The Personal Essay and Saul Bellow’s‘It All Adds Up’.”Studies in American Jewish Literature(1981–)18(Winter 1999):35–40.
Wilkinson,Rupert.American Tough:The Tough-Guy Tradition and American Character.Westport,Conn.:Greenwood Press,1984.
Yang,Jincai.A New Literary History of the United States(1914–1945),Vol.3.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2002.[杨金才:《新编美国文学史(1914—1945)》,第三卷,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002年。]
(1)奥地利诗人里尔克的诗句。
(2)贝娄在《晃》第136页引用斯宾诺莎的话“自我保存,万德之首”。
Atlas,James.Bellow:A Biography.New York:Random House,2000.
Bakke,J.Fiction as Survival Strategy:A Comparative Study of the Major Works of Ernest Hemingway and Saul Bellow.Amsterdam:Rodopi B.V.,1983.
Bellow,Saul.Dangling Man.London:Penguin Books,2007.
---.Dangling Man.Trans.Pu Long.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《晃来晃去的人》,蒲隆译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
---.Humboldt’s Gift.Trans.Pu Long.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《洪堡的礼物》,蒲隆译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
---.The Dean’s December.Trans.Chen Yongguo,et al.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《院长的十二月》,陈永国等译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
---.The Adventures of Augie March.Trans.Song Zhaolin.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Publishing House,2002.[索尔·贝娄:《奥吉·马奇历险记》,宋兆霖译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2002年。]
Elliott,Emory,ed.Columbia Literary History of the United States.Trans.Zhu Tongbo,et al.Chengdu:Sichuan Lexicographical Press,1994.[埃默里·埃里奥特主编:《哥伦比亚美国文学史》,朱通伯等译,成都:四川辞书出版,1994年。]
Harper,Gordon Lloyd.“Saul Bellow,The Art of Fiction No.37.”The Paris Review.Web 8 May.2017
Hemingway,Ernest.Death in the Afternoon.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1932.
Hofstadter,Richard.Social Darwinism in American Thought.Boston:Beacon Press,1955.
Leader,Zachary.The Life of Saul Bellow:To Fame and Fortune 1915–1964.New York:Alfred A.Knope,2015.
Lyons,Bonnie.“From‘Dangling Man’to Colonies of the Spirit.”Studies in American Jewish Literature(1975–1979)4.2(1978):45–50.
Solotaroff,Robert.“The Personal Essay and Saul Bellow’s‘It All Adds Up’.”Studies in American Jewish Literature(1981–)18(Winter 1999):35–40.
Wilkinson,Rupert.American Tough:The Tough-Guy Tradition and American Character.Westport,Conn.:Greenwood Press,1984.
Yang,Jincai.A New Literary History of the United States(1914–1945),Vol.3.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2002.[杨金才:《新编美国文学史(1914—1945)》,第三卷,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002年。]
(1)奥地利诗人里尔克的诗句。
(2)贝娄在《晃》第136页引用斯宾诺莎的话“自我保存,万德之首”。