索尔·贝娄《赛姆勒先生的行星》小说内外的政治图景与反暴力主旨
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摘要
《赛姆勒先生的行星》主要描绘了美国20世纪60年代末反文化运动中的老年犹太知识分子赛姆勒与年轻一代社会革命者的冲突图景。小说出版后,很多新左派研究者批评小说和作者贝娄"政治不正确"。然而,小说内外的政治分歧模糊了其真正主题。赛姆勒与黑人扒手的凝视和反凝视抗争映射了小说对民权运动的辩证性思考,此外,还有另外两幅次要图景与主图景拼贴、并置,共同揭示了政治冲突下的反暴力主旨。身心病态的赛姆勒不仅深陷死亡心景与大屠杀记忆闪回,他的持续病发也隐喻对种族主义暴力迫害的控诉。在他主动参与的暴力冲突图景中,种族意识也逐渐淡化,最终,赛姆勒从六日战争的中立观察者转变为主动制止纽约街头种族冲突的反暴力人士。
In Mr. Sammler's Planet,a main political landscape is depicted,in which the aged Jewish intellectual Sammler confronts these young countercultural participants in the late 1960 s. After its publication,the novel and its author Saul Bellow were criticized for being politically incorrect by the "New Left"researchers. However,the political divergences in and behind the novel blur its theme. The gaze and counter-gaze struggle between Sammler and the African American thief in the novel reflect its dialectic view on the Civil Rights Movement.
In Mr. Sammler's Planet,a main political landscape is depicted,in which the aged Jewish intellectual Sammler confronts these young countercultural participants in the late 1960 s. After its publication,the novel and its author Saul Bellow were criticized for being politically incorrect by the "New Left"researchers. However,the political divergences in and behind the novel blur its theme. The gaze and counter-gaze struggle between Sammler and the African American thief in the novel reflect its dialectic view on the Civil Rights Movement.
引文
① Andrew Gorden,“Mr. Sammler’s Planet: Saul Bellow’s 1968 Speech at San Francisco State University”, in A Political Companion to Saul Bellow, eds. Gloria L. Cronin and Lee Trepanier (Kentucky: UP of Kentucky, 2013), p.154.
② Robert F. Kiernan, Saul Bellow (New York: Continuum Publishing, 1989), p.11.
③ James Atlas, Saul Bellow: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2000), p.387.
④ Daniel Fuchs, Saul Bellow: Vision and Revision (Durham: Duke University Press, 1984), p.227.
⑤ Jane Howard, “Mr. Bellow Considers His Planet”, in Conversations with Saul Bellow, eds. Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel (Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994), p.79.
⑥ Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet (New York: Penguin Modern Classics, 2007), p.2.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
⑦ Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (London: Pluto Press, 2008), p.84.
⑧ 爱德华·W.萨义德:《东方学》,王宇根译,三联书店1999年版,8页。
⑨ Norman Podhoretz,“My Negro Problem—and Ours”, Transition, Vol. 35, No. 20, 1965, p.13.
⑩ Gloria L. Cronin,“Our Father’s Politics: Gregory, Adam, and Daniel Bellow”, in A Political Companion to Saul Bellow, eds. Glo-ria L. Cronin and Lee Trepanier (Kentucky: UP of Kentucky, 2013), p.192.
(11) 萨特:《存在与虚无》,陈宣良等译,三联书店2007年版,324页。
(12) Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, trans. Alan Sheridan, ed. Jacques Alain Miller (London & New York: Karnac Press, 2004), p.72.
(13) Frederick Glaysher, “A Poet Looks at Saul Bellow’s Soul”, in Saul Bellow and the Struggle at the Center, ed. Eugene Hollahan (New York: AMS Press, 1996), p.42.
(14) 张军:《贝娄〈赛姆勒先生的行星〉中的引路人研究》,载《外国文学》2013年第3期,78页。
(15) 创伤后应激障碍症(PTSD)全称为Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, 医学界认为尽管这一病症早在2700年前就在交战双方的士兵中存在,但作为概念却在20世纪60、70年代开始被认知、定义,它指生理或情感创伤导致的焦虑失调,引起病症的创伤可能包括伤害、袭击、强奸、经历战争或产生重大伤亡的灾难,通过噩梦和闪回,病人会经历对事件意象或记忆的持续重现,并伴有失眠、孤立感、隔绝感、失望、负罪感、易怒、注意力涣散等症状。参见John D. Roche, The Veteran’s PTSD Handbook (Washington D. C.: Potomac Books, 2007), 1页;Elizabeth Martin, Concise Medical Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)。
(16) Kate Hudgins, Experimental Treatment for PTSD (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2002), p.18.
(17) 小说共出现八处大屠杀场景记忆闪回,见Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 11页, 38页, 73-75页, 112页, 114页, 162页, 169页, 226页。
(18) 赛姆勒描述艾森在二战时是一个“被用挖战壕的工具屠杀的物件”,因为据艾森说“在他从纳粹占领区逃到俄区之前,他目睹过,人如蝼蚁般不值得浪费子弹,他们的脑袋直接被铲子拍碎”。见Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 138页。
(19) Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five (New York: Delacorte Press, 1969), p.182.
(20) Gloria L. Cronin,“Our Father’s Politics: Gregory, Adam, and Daniel Bellow”, p.191.
(21) 六日战争,也被称为第三次中东战争,于1967年6月爆发,是以色列与埃及、叙利亚、约旦等阿拉伯国家之间的战争。
(22) Andrew Gorden,“Mr. Sammler’s Planet: Saul Bellow’s 1968 Speech at San Francisco State University”, p.154.
(23) Carol R. Smith, “The Jewish Atlantic-The Deployment of Blackness in Saul Bellow”, in A Political Companion to Saul Bellow, eds. Gloria L. Cronin and Lee Trepanier (Kentucky: UP of Kentucky, 2013), p.121.
(24) Robert F. Kiernan, Saul Bellow, p.10.
(25) 索尔·贝娄:《以色列:六日战争》,李自修译,见《集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖编、李自修等译,河北教育出版社2002年版,259-261页。
② Robert F. Kiernan, Saul Bellow (New York: Continuum Publishing, 1989), p.11.
③ James Atlas, Saul Bellow: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2000), p.387.
④ Daniel Fuchs, Saul Bellow: Vision and Revision (Durham: Duke University Press, 1984), p.227.
⑤ Jane Howard, “Mr. Bellow Considers His Planet”, in Conversations with Saul Bellow, eds. Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel (Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994), p.79.
⑥ Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet (New York: Penguin Modern Classics, 2007), p.2.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
⑦ Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (London: Pluto Press, 2008), p.84.
⑧ 爱德华·W.萨义德:《东方学》,王宇根译,三联书店1999年版,8页。
⑨ Norman Podhoretz,“My Negro Problem—and Ours”, Transition, Vol. 35, No. 20, 1965, p.13.
⑩ Gloria L. Cronin,“Our Father’s Politics: Gregory, Adam, and Daniel Bellow”, in A Political Companion to Saul Bellow, eds. Glo-ria L. Cronin and Lee Trepanier (Kentucky: UP of Kentucky, 2013), p.192.
(11) 萨特:《存在与虚无》,陈宣良等译,三联书店2007年版,324页。
(12) Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, trans. Alan Sheridan, ed. Jacques Alain Miller (London & New York: Karnac Press, 2004), p.72.
(13) Frederick Glaysher, “A Poet Looks at Saul Bellow’s Soul”, in Saul Bellow and the Struggle at the Center, ed. Eugene Hollahan (New York: AMS Press, 1996), p.42.
(14) 张军:《贝娄〈赛姆勒先生的行星〉中的引路人研究》,载《外国文学》2013年第3期,78页。
(15) 创伤后应激障碍症(PTSD)全称为Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, 医学界认为尽管这一病症早在2700年前就在交战双方的士兵中存在,但作为概念却在20世纪60、70年代开始被认知、定义,它指生理或情感创伤导致的焦虑失调,引起病症的创伤可能包括伤害、袭击、强奸、经历战争或产生重大伤亡的灾难,通过噩梦和闪回,病人会经历对事件意象或记忆的持续重现,并伴有失眠、孤立感、隔绝感、失望、负罪感、易怒、注意力涣散等症状。参见John D. Roche, The Veteran’s PTSD Handbook (Washington D. C.: Potomac Books, 2007), 1页;Elizabeth Martin, Concise Medical Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)。
(16) Kate Hudgins, Experimental Treatment for PTSD (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2002), p.18.
(17) 小说共出现八处大屠杀场景记忆闪回,见Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 11页, 38页, 73-75页, 112页, 114页, 162页, 169页, 226页。
(18) 赛姆勒描述艾森在二战时是一个“被用挖战壕的工具屠杀的物件”,因为据艾森说“在他从纳粹占领区逃到俄区之前,他目睹过,人如蝼蚁般不值得浪费子弹,他们的脑袋直接被铲子拍碎”。见Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, 138页。
(19) Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five (New York: Delacorte Press, 1969), p.182.
(20) Gloria L. Cronin,“Our Father’s Politics: Gregory, Adam, and Daniel Bellow”, p.191.
(21) 六日战争,也被称为第三次中东战争,于1967年6月爆发,是以色列与埃及、叙利亚、约旦等阿拉伯国家之间的战争。
(22) Andrew Gorden,“Mr. Sammler’s Planet: Saul Bellow’s 1968 Speech at San Francisco State University”, p.154.
(23) Carol R. Smith, “The Jewish Atlantic-The Deployment of Blackness in Saul Bellow”, in A Political Companion to Saul Bellow, eds. Gloria L. Cronin and Lee Trepanier (Kentucky: UP of Kentucky, 2013), p.121.
(24) Robert F. Kiernan, Saul Bellow, p.10.
(25) 索尔·贝娄:《以色列:六日战争》,李自修译,见《集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖编、李自修等译,河北教育出版社2002年版,259-261页。