基于西沙群岛虚拟站的珊瑚礁白化监测分析
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摘要
受全球变暖和人类活动的影响,珊瑚礁白化现象愈发严重,温度是影响珊瑚生长发育的主要因素之一。美国国家海洋和大气管理局基于海表温度开发了珊瑚礁白化监测产品,以此估算全球珊瑚礁白化程度并进行白化预警。根据2013—2016年西沙群岛虚拟站的海表温度,对该站周围海域的珊瑚礁进行白化监测分析。结果表明,西沙群岛站附近的珊瑚可能正在经历珊瑚白化甚至死亡,其中2014年海表温度异常情况最为严重,珊瑚礁白化可能性极大。
Influenced by global warming and human activities,coral reef bleaching is becoming increasingly serious.Studies have shown that temperature plays an important role in the growth of corals,which is an important factor in affecting coral bleaching.National oceanic and atmospheric administration(NOAA)has developed thermal stress satellite products to estimate the extent of global coral reef bleaching and warning areas based on sea surface temperature(SST).Bleaching analysis of the corals in the sea around the Xisha islands virtual station was made based on the station's SST in 2013—2016.The results show that the corals near the Xisha islands station are likely to be bleaching and even dying,and that the most serious of coral reef bleaching is very likely to occur in 2014 since the sea surface temperature anomaly is the most serious.
Influenced by global warming and human activities,coral reef bleaching is becoming increasingly serious.Studies have shown that temperature plays an important role in the growth of corals,which is an important factor in affecting coral bleaching.National oceanic and atmospheric administration(NOAA)has developed thermal stress satellite products to estimate the extent of global coral reef bleaching and warning areas based on sea surface temperature(SST).Bleaching analysis of the corals in the sea around the Xisha islands virtual station was made based on the station's SST in 2013—2016.The results show that the corals near the Xisha islands station are likely to be bleaching and even dying,and that the most serious of coral reef bleaching is very likely to occur in 2014 since the sea surface temperature anomaly is the most serious.
引文
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[3]BERKELMANS R,WILLIS B L.Seasonal and local spatial patterns in the upper thermal limits of corals on the inshore central great barrier reef[J].Coral Reefs,1999,18(3):219-228.
[4]REASER J K,POMERANCE R,THOMAS P O.Coral bleaching and global climate change:Scientific findings and policy recommendations[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(5):1500-1511.
[5]GRAHAM N A J,NASH K L,KOOL J T,et al.Coral reef recovery dynamics in a changing world[J].Coral Reefs,2011,30(2):283-294.
[6]LIU G,HERON S,EAKIN C,et al.Reef-Scale thermal stress monitoring of coral ecosystems:New 5-km global products from NOAA coral reef watch[J].Remote Sensing,2014,6(11):11579-11606.
[7]GLYNN P W,D′CROZ L.Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El Nino-coincident coral mortality[J].Coral Reefs,1990,8(4):181-191.
[8]IPCC.Climate change 2014:Mitigation of climate change[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014.
[9]FITT W K,BROWN B E,WAMER M E,et al.Coral bleaching:Interpretation of thermal tolerance limits and thermal thresholds in tropical corals[J].Coral Reefs,2001,20(1):51-65.
[10]EAKIN C M,MORGAN J A,HERON S F,et al.Caribbean corals in crisis:Record thermal stress,bleaching,and mortality in 2005[J].Plos One,2010,5(11):e13969.
[11]HUGHES T P,BAIRD A H,BELLWOOD D R,et al.Climate change,human impacts,and the resilience of coral reefs[J].Science,2003,301(5635):929.
[12]RICHARDSON L L,GOLDBERG W M,KUTA K G,et al.Florida’s mystery coral-killer identified[J].Nature,1998,392(6676):557-558.
[13]CLARK C D,MUMBY P J,CHISHOLM J R M,et al.Spectral discrimination of coral mortality states following a severe bleaching event[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21(11):2321-2327.
[14]STRONG A E,LIU G,MEYER J,et al.Coral reef watch 2002[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2004,75(2):259-268.
[15]NOAA CORAL REEF WATCH PROGRAM.NOAA coral reef watch daily global 5-km satellite virtual station time series data[EB/OL].http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/vs/index.php,(2015-02-16)\[2017-03-20\].
[16]REAKA M L,LOMBARDI S A.Hotspots on global coral reefs[M].Berlin and Heidelberg:Springer,2011:471-501.
[17]STRONG A E,BARRIENTOS C S.Improved satellite techniques for monitoring coral reef bleaching[J].Coral Reefs,1997,12(1):1-17.
[18]LIU G,STRONG A E,SKIRVING W.Remote sensing of sea surface temperatures during 2002barrier reef coral bleaching[J].Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union,2003,84(15):137-141.
[19]WELLINGTON G M,GLYNN P W,STRONG A E,et al.Crisis on coral reefs linked to climate change[J].EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union,2001,82(1):1-5.