促进南方红壤丘陵区农业可持续发展的复合农业生态系统长期观测研究
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摘要
我国南方红壤丘陵区土壤质地黏重,透水性差,季节性降雨分布严重不足,极易发生水土流失;不合理的耕作措施加剧土壤侵蚀,导致土壤肥力下降,制约当地农业的可持续发展。1979年中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站(以下简称"桃源站")建站以来,系统开展了区域农业生态系统优化管理、农业整体效益的提高和建立区域农业综合发展的技术体系与优化模式,并进行示范推广,为南方红壤丘陵区农田生态系统耕地地力提升和水土流失治理、区域农业结构调整和生态环境改善提供重要理论和技术支撑。通过系统分析南方潜育性和次生潜育化水稻土的形成原因,为我国潜育性水田的治理提供技术支撑;研究红壤稻田生态系统可持续生产力与系统健康的协调机制,为稻田生态系统持续、高效生产提供理论依据和技术支撑;系统解析驱动稻田N2O和CH4排放关键过程的微生物作用机理,为我国农田温室气体减排提供重要的科学依据;系统解析我国农田生态系统土壤细菌和反硝化微生物的分布格局和主要驱动因素,为大尺度刻画我国农田土壤微生物群落组成机构及生态功能奠定基础;研究猪日粮功能性氨基酸代谢与生理功能调控机制,提升我国科学养猪水平和养猪业的健康可持续发展;探明了多年蔬菜连作对土壤氮素转化功能的影响及其微生物作用机制,并提出相应调控措施,为蔬菜土氮素的调控提供强有力理论依据和技术支持;研究典型农田生态系统养分流失特征及影响因素,构建丘岗复合农业生态系统氮磷拦截与生态消纳模式和稻田流失氮磷生态湿地消纳技术,为防控农田生态系统氮磷面源污染提供技术支撑;构建南方丘陵区坡地种草养羊与农牧资源循环利用模式并开展示范推广,服务当地农业可持续发展。未来,桃源站在中国科学院"率先行动"计划指导下,将为区域农业可持续发展作出更大的贡献。
The red soil hilly areas in South China were prone to soil erosion due to their poor soil viscosity, poor water permeability, and inadequate seasonal rainfall distribution. Inappropriate tillage measures aggravated soil erosion, decreased soil fertility, and therefore restricted the sustainable development of local agriculture. Since the Taoyuan Agro-ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) was established in 1979, researchers have systematically upgraded management of regional agricultural ecosystem, increased the overall agricultural benefits, and established a technical system and an optimized mode of the comprehensive development of regional agriculture in the station. The demonstration and promotion will provide important theoretical and technical support for soil erosion control, regional agricultural restructuring, and the improvement of farmland productivity and ecological environment in red soil hilly areas in South China. We have systematically studied the formation mechanism of gley and secondary gley paddy soil to provide technical support for gleyed paddy field management; the coordination mechanism between sustainable productivity and system health of paddy field ecosystem to provide theoretical basis and technical support for sustainable and efficient production of paddy field ecosystem in red soil; the microbial mechanism driving the key processes of N2 O and CH4 emission from rice fields to provide vital scientific basis for reducing greenhouse gas emission in farmland of China; the distribution pattern and the main driving factors of soil bacteria and denitrifying microorganism in farmland to depict the composition of farmland soil microbial community in the large scale; the control mechanism of functional amino acid metabolism and physiological function of pig diet to scientifically improve the level of pig breeding and the development of China's pig breeding industry in a healthy and sustainable way; nitrogen transformation mechanism in vegetable soil and the corresponding control measures to provide a strong theoretical foundation and technical support for nitrogen control in vegetable soil; the characteristics and influencing factors of nutrient loss in typical farmland ecosystem, the model of nitrogen and phosphorus interception and ecological absorption in hilly composite agricultural ecosystem to provide technical support for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland ecosystems; recycling utilization model of agricultural and pastoral resources to promote the sustainable development of local agriculture. In the future, the scientists of Taoyuan Agro-ecosystem Research Station will make greater contribution to the sustainable development of regional agriculture under the guidance of the "Pioneer Initiative Action " plan of CAS.
The red soil hilly areas in South China were prone to soil erosion due to their poor soil viscosity, poor water permeability, and inadequate seasonal rainfall distribution. Inappropriate tillage measures aggravated soil erosion, decreased soil fertility, and therefore restricted the sustainable development of local agriculture. Since the Taoyuan Agro-ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) was established in 1979, researchers have systematically upgraded management of regional agricultural ecosystem, increased the overall agricultural benefits, and established a technical system and an optimized mode of the comprehensive development of regional agriculture in the station. The demonstration and promotion will provide important theoretical and technical support for soil erosion control, regional agricultural restructuring, and the improvement of farmland productivity and ecological environment in red soil hilly areas in South China. We have systematically studied the formation mechanism of gley and secondary gley paddy soil to provide technical support for gleyed paddy field management; the coordination mechanism between sustainable productivity and system health of paddy field ecosystem to provide theoretical basis and technical support for sustainable and efficient production of paddy field ecosystem in red soil; the microbial mechanism driving the key processes of N2 O and CH4 emission from rice fields to provide vital scientific basis for reducing greenhouse gas emission in farmland of China; the distribution pattern and the main driving factors of soil bacteria and denitrifying microorganism in farmland to depict the composition of farmland soil microbial community in the large scale; the control mechanism of functional amino acid metabolism and physiological function of pig diet to scientifically improve the level of pig breeding and the development of China's pig breeding industry in a healthy and sustainable way; nitrogen transformation mechanism in vegetable soil and the corresponding control measures to provide a strong theoretical foundation and technical support for nitrogen control in vegetable soil; the characteristics and influencing factors of nutrient loss in typical farmland ecosystem, the model of nitrogen and phosphorus interception and ecological absorption in hilly composite agricultural ecosystem to provide technical support for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland ecosystems; recycling utilization model of agricultural and pastoral resources to promote the sustainable development of local agriculture. In the future, the scientists of Taoyuan Agro-ecosystem Research Station will make greater contribution to the sustainable development of regional agriculture under the guidance of the "Pioneer Initiative Action " plan of CAS.
引文
1中国科学院.桃源综合考察报告集.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1980.
2湖南省桃源县农业局土肥站.湖南省桃源县土壤志.1979年12月.
3古汉龙.潜育化水稻土田间开沟治渍研究.土壤通报,1993,24(3):108-110.
4古汉虎.水旱轮作改良利用潜育化水稻土的研究.热带亚热带土壤科学,1995,4(2):79-84.
5何电源,王昌燎,邓世林,等.潜育化水稻土中有机物的矿化特性及杂交水稻对氮素的利用特点.农业现代化研究,1984,(2):39-44.
6中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所潜育性水稻土改良课题协作组.潜育性和次生潜育化水稻土的形成及改良途径的研究总结报告.农业现代化研究,1984,(6):5-25.
7 Chen A L,Xie X L,Dorodnikov M,et al.Response of paddy soil organic carbon accumulation to changes in long-term yield-driven carbon inputs in subtropical China.Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment,2016,232:302-311.
8陈安磊,谢小立,文菀玉,等.长期施肥对红壤稻田表层土壤氮储量的影响.生态学报,2010,30(18):5059-5065.
9陈安磊,王卫,张文钊,等.一种基于目标产量的红壤稻田减量化肥施用方法:中国,ZL201410257606.3,2015-09-30.
10王季丰.稻田养分流失和经济林水土流失控制技术的研究.杭州:浙江大学,2017.
11吴敬民,姚月明,陈永芳,等.水稻基肥机械深施及肥料运筹方式效果研究.土壤通报,1999,30(3):110-112.
12吴敬民,许学前,姚月明.基肥不同施用方法对水稻生长及稻田周围水体污染的影响.土壤通报,1999,30(5):232-234.
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14张文钊,侯海军,魏文学,等.一种基于降低稻田氮、磷面源污染的化肥减量深施方法:中国,ZL201510860791.X,2018-04-10.
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16彭亿,李裕元,李忠武,等.亚热带稻田弃耕湿地土壤因子对植物群落结构的影响.应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1543-1550.
17 Chen A L,Xie X L,Ge T D,et al.Rapid decrease of soil carbon after abandonment of subtropical paddy fields.Plant and Soil,2017,415:203-214.
18尉海东.稻田甲烷排放研究进展.中国农学通报,2013,29(18):6-10.
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21侯海军,秦红灵,陈春兰,等.土壤氮循环微生物过程的分子生态学研究进展.农业现代化研究,2014,35(5):588-594.
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23 Yang H C,Sheng R,Zhang Z X,et al.Responses of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria to flooding-drying cycles in flooded rice soil.Applied Soil Ecology,2016,103:101-109.
24 Zhang Z X,Zhang W Z,Yang H C,et al.Elevated N2Oemission by the rice roots:basedon the abundances of narGand bacterial amoA genes.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(2):1-10.
25 Sheng R,Qin H L,O’Donnell A G,et al.Bacterial succession in paddy soils derived from different parent materials.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(4):982-992.
26李颖慧.猪肌肉组织对低蛋白日粮的响应及其机制研究.北京:中国科学院大学,2017.
27侯水生,黄苇.生长猪理想蛋白质与氨基酸模式研究进展.中国饲料,1999,(1):16-18.
28谢荣华.理想蛋白质的研究进展.中国饲料,1997,(19):8-10.
29 Deng D,Yao K,Chu W,et al.Impaired translation initiation activation and reduced protein synthesis in weaned piglets fed a low-protein diet.Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2009,20(7):544-552.
30 He L,Wu L,Xu Z,et al.Low-protein diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs.Amino Acids,2016,48(1):21-30.
31 Duan Y H,Guo Q P,Wen C Y,et al.Free amino acid profile and expression of genes related to protein metabolism in skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed low-protein diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64:9390-9400.
32全智,吴金水,魏文学,等.长期种植蔬菜后土壤中氮、磷有效养分和重金属含量变化.应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2919-2929.
33沈灵凤,白玲玉,曾希柏,等.施肥对设施菜地土壤硝态氮累积及pH的影响.农业环境科学学报,2012,31(7):1350-1356.
34 Wells A T,Chanb K Y,Cornish P S.Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2000,80:47-60.
35 Huang B,Shi X Z,Yu D S,et al.Environmental assessment of small-scale vegetable farming systems in periurban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region,China.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2006,112:391-402.
36 Sharma R K,Agrawal M,Marshal lF.Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi,India.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2007,66:258-266.
37孟德龙,杨扬,伍延正,等.多年蔬菜连作对土壤氨氧化微生物群落组成的影响.环境科学,2012,33(4):1331-1338.
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2湖南省桃源县农业局土肥站.湖南省桃源县土壤志.1979年12月.
3古汉龙.潜育化水稻土田间开沟治渍研究.土壤通报,1993,24(3):108-110.
4古汉虎.水旱轮作改良利用潜育化水稻土的研究.热带亚热带土壤科学,1995,4(2):79-84.
5何电源,王昌燎,邓世林,等.潜育化水稻土中有机物的矿化特性及杂交水稻对氮素的利用特点.农业现代化研究,1984,(2):39-44.
6中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所潜育性水稻土改良课题协作组.潜育性和次生潜育化水稻土的形成及改良途径的研究总结报告.农业现代化研究,1984,(6):5-25.
7 Chen A L,Xie X L,Dorodnikov M,et al.Response of paddy soil organic carbon accumulation to changes in long-term yield-driven carbon inputs in subtropical China.Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment,2016,232:302-311.
8陈安磊,谢小立,文菀玉,等.长期施肥对红壤稻田表层土壤氮储量的影响.生态学报,2010,30(18):5059-5065.
9陈安磊,王卫,张文钊,等.一种基于目标产量的红壤稻田减量化肥施用方法:中国,ZL201410257606.3,2015-09-30.
10王季丰.稻田养分流失和经济林水土流失控制技术的研究.杭州:浙江大学,2017.
11吴敬民,姚月明,陈永芳,等.水稻基肥机械深施及肥料运筹方式效果研究.土壤通报,1999,30(3):110-112.
12吴敬民,许学前,姚月明.基肥不同施用方法对水稻生长及稻田周围水体污染的影响.土壤通报,1999,30(5):232-234.
13冯国禄,李书迪,许尤厚,等.撒施液体复合肥后不同蓄水深度的水分管理对稻田养分流失潜力的影响.中国土壤与肥料,2018,(1):83-86.
14张文钊,侯海军,魏文学,等.一种基于降低稻田氮、磷面源污染的化肥减量深施方法:中国,ZL201510860791.X,2018-04-10.
15田文文,王卫,陈安磊,等.红壤稻田弃耕后植被和土壤有机碳对积水与火烧的早期响应.植物生态学报,2014,38(6):626-634.
16彭亿,李裕元,李忠武,等.亚热带稻田弃耕湿地土壤因子对植物群落结构的影响.应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1543-1550.
17 Chen A L,Xie X L,Ge T D,et al.Rapid decrease of soil carbon after abandonment of subtropical paddy fields.Plant and Soil,2017,415:203-214.
18尉海东.稻田甲烷排放研究进展.中国农学通报,2013,29(18):6-10.
19 Sass R L,Fisher F M,Harcombe P A,et a1.Methane Production and emission in a Texas rice field.Global Biogeochemistry Cycles,1992,4(1):47-68.
20 Ruser R,Flessa H,Russow R,et al.Emission of N2O,N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate:Effect of compaction,soil moisture and rewetting.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:263-274.
21侯海军,秦红灵,陈春兰,等.土壤氮循环微生物过程的分子生态学研究进展.农业现代化研究,2014,35(5):588-594.
22 Liu J B,Hou H J,Sheng R,et al.Denitrifying communities differentially respond to flooding drying cycles in paddy soils.Applied Soil Ecology,2012,62:155-162.
23 Yang H C,Sheng R,Zhang Z X,et al.Responses of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria to flooding-drying cycles in flooded rice soil.Applied Soil Ecology,2016,103:101-109.
24 Zhang Z X,Zhang W Z,Yang H C,et al.Elevated N2Oemission by the rice roots:basedon the abundances of narGand bacterial amoA genes.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(2):1-10.
25 Sheng R,Qin H L,O’Donnell A G,et al.Bacterial succession in paddy soils derived from different parent materials.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(4):982-992.
26李颖慧.猪肌肉组织对低蛋白日粮的响应及其机制研究.北京:中国科学院大学,2017.
27侯水生,黄苇.生长猪理想蛋白质与氨基酸模式研究进展.中国饲料,1999,(1):16-18.
28谢荣华.理想蛋白质的研究进展.中国饲料,1997,(19):8-10.
29 Deng D,Yao K,Chu W,et al.Impaired translation initiation activation and reduced protein synthesis in weaned piglets fed a low-protein diet.Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2009,20(7):544-552.
30 He L,Wu L,Xu Z,et al.Low-protein diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs.Amino Acids,2016,48(1):21-30.
31 Duan Y H,Guo Q P,Wen C Y,et al.Free amino acid profile and expression of genes related to protein metabolism in skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed low-protein diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64:9390-9400.
32全智,吴金水,魏文学,等.长期种植蔬菜后土壤中氮、磷有效养分和重金属含量变化.应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2919-2929.
33沈灵凤,白玲玉,曾希柏,等.施肥对设施菜地土壤硝态氮累积及pH的影响.农业环境科学学报,2012,31(7):1350-1356.
34 Wells A T,Chanb K Y,Cornish P S.Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2000,80:47-60.
35 Huang B,Shi X Z,Yu D S,et al.Environmental assessment of small-scale vegetable farming systems in periurban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region,China.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2006,112:391-402.
36 Sharma R K,Agrawal M,Marshal lF.Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi,India.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2007,66:258-266.
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