南京冬季一次强浓雾及超细粒子累积过程分析
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摘要
课题组于2017年冬季在南京北郊开展了为期45d的雾/霾外场综合观测,并选取12月30～31日一次平流辐射雾过程,分析了气象要素、雾和气溶胶的宏微观特征.结果表明:冷平流与夜间辐射冷却造成的持续性降温为此次雾发展的主要原因,而短波辐射增强则为雾消散的主导因子;此次雾过程存在爆发性增长的特征,表现为17min内含水量的量级由10~(-4)g/m~3增加至10~(-1)g/m~3,其中雾滴数浓度的增加对其贡献率可达67%;强浓雾微物理量的时间变率波动性强,雾的水平分布存在显著的不均匀性特征;日出后的强浓雾阶段中存在纳米级气溶胶累积现象,空气动力学直径在10～50nm气溶胶的数浓度增加率可达2817cm~3/h,从二次气溶胶生成(SO_2的气-粒及气-液转化过程)、输送(人为活动造成的气溶胶累积及雾中垂直向湍流的输送)等方面探讨现象出现的原因.
A systematic field observation of the haze and fog was conducted and last 45 days in the northern suburbs of Nanjing during the winter of 2017. In this study, an advection radiation fog event from December 30 to 31 was forced on, and the meteorological elements, the macroscopic and microscopic features of fogs and aerosols were analyzed. It was found that the continuous cooling caused by cold advections and the long-wave night sky radiation dominated the development of fog, and the enhancement of short-wave radiation leaded to the fog dissipation. There was an explosive growth in the fog, where the liquid water content increased by three orders of magnitude from 10~(-4) g/m~3 to 10~(-1) g/m~3 within 17 minutes, and the increasing number concentration of fog droplets contributed 67% to the explosive growth. There was an obvious characteristic of uneven distribution in the strong fog. In addition, a new phenomenon of nano-scale aerosols accumulation in the strong fog was observed after sunrise, where the increment speed of the number concentration of the aerosols with diameters from 10 nm to 50 nm reached 2817 cm-3/h. The following parts were examined to discuss the reasons for the cumulative event, including the secondary aerosol generation, i.e.,gas-to-particle and gas-to-liquid conversions of SO_2, and aerosols transport process, i.e., the local aerosols accumulation from human activities and a potential turbulence transport mechanism in fogs.
A systematic field observation of the haze and fog was conducted and last 45 days in the northern suburbs of Nanjing during the winter of 2017. In this study, an advection radiation fog event from December 30 to 31 was forced on, and the meteorological elements, the macroscopic and microscopic features of fogs and aerosols were analyzed. It was found that the continuous cooling caused by cold advections and the long-wave night sky radiation dominated the development of fog, and the enhancement of short-wave radiation leaded to the fog dissipation. There was an explosive growth in the fog, where the liquid water content increased by three orders of magnitude from 10~(-4) g/m~3 to 10~(-1) g/m~3 within 17 minutes, and the increasing number concentration of fog droplets contributed 67% to the explosive growth. There was an obvious characteristic of uneven distribution in the strong fog. In addition, a new phenomenon of nano-scale aerosols accumulation in the strong fog was observed after sunrise, where the increment speed of the number concentration of the aerosols with diameters from 10 nm to 50 nm reached 2817 cm-3/h. The following parts were examined to discuss the reasons for the cumulative event, including the secondary aerosol generation, i.e.,gas-to-particle and gas-to-liquid conversions of SO_2, and aerosols transport process, i.e., the local aerosols accumulation from human activities and a potential turbulence transport mechanism in fogs.
引文
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[30]马莹,吴兑,刘建.珠三角春节期间PM2.5及水溶性离子成分的变化--以2012年为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):2890-2895.Ma Ying,Wu Dui,Liu Jian.The characteristics of PM2.5 and its water soluble ions during Spring Festival in PRD in 2012[J].China Environment Science,2016;36(10):2890-2895.
[31]Uematsu A,Hashiguchi H,Yamamoto M K,et al.Influence of gravity waves on fog structure revealed by a millimeter-wave scanning Doppler radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(D7).
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[35]郝囝,银燕,肖辉,等.黄山大气气溶胶新粒子生长特性观测分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):13-22.Hao Jian,Yin Yan,Xiao Hui,et al.Observation of new particle formation and growth on Mount Huang[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(1):13-22.
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[37]康博识,樊曙先,张悦,等.南京冬季持续性强浓雾天气中三级分档雾水的理化特性分析[J].气象学报,2017,75(2):356-370.Kang Boshi,Fan Shuxian,Zhang Yue,et al.Physical and chemical characteristics of three-stage fog water in deep dense fog during the winter in Nanjing[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2017,75(2):356-370.
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[2]PiliéR J,Mack E J,Rogers C W,et al.The formation of marine fog and the development of fog-stratus systems along the California coast[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1979,18(10):1275-1286.
[3]Lewis J M,Korain D,Redmond K T.Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States:A historical essay including outlook[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2004,85(3):395-408.
[4]Gultepe I,Pearson G,Milbrandt J A,et al.The fog remote sensing and modeling field project[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2009,90(3):341-359.
[5]Fuzzi S,Facchini M C,Orsi G,et al.The Po valley fog experiment1989[J].Tellus B,1992,44(5):448-468.
[6]Fuzzi S,Laj P,Ricci L,et al.Overview of the Po valley fog experiment 1994(CHEMDROP)[J].Contributions to Atmospheric Physics,1998,71(1):3-19.
[7]J L Collett,Sherman D E,Moore K F,et al.Aerosol Particle Processing and Removal by Fogs:Observations in Chemically Heterogeneous Central California Radiation Fogs[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution Focus,2001,1(5/6):303-312.
[8]Haeffelin M,Bergot T,Elias T,et al.PARISFOG:Shedding New Light on Fog Physical Processes[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2010,91(6):767-783.
[9]Stolaki S,Haeffelin M,Lac C,et al.Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event.A numerical and observational study[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,151:146-161.
[10]濮梅娟,李良福,李子华,等.西双版纳地区雾的物理过程研究[J].气象科学,2001,21(4):425-432.Pu M J,Li L F,Li Z H,et al.Study of physical process of the xishuangbanns valley fog in winter[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2001,21(4):425-432.
[11]李子华,彭中贵.重庆市冬季雾的物理化学特性[J].气象学报,1994,52(4):477-483.Li Z H,Peng Z G.Physical and chemical characteristics of the Chongqing winter fog[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1994,52(4):477-483.
[12]吴兑,邓雪娇,毛节泰,等.南岭大瑶山高速公路浓雾的宏微观结构与能见度研究[J].气象学报,2007,65(3):406-415.Wu D,Deng X J,Mao J T,et al.A study on macro-and microstructures of heavy fog and visibility at freeway in the Nanling Dayaoshan Mountain[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2007,65(3):406-415.
[13]Liu D Y,Niu S J,Yang J,et al.Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing,Part 1:Fog Boundary Layer[J].Pure&Applied Geophysics,2012,169(5/6):809-819.
[14]Niu S J,Liu D Y,Zhao L J,et al.Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing,Part 2:Fog Microphysics[J].Pure&Applied Geophysics,2012,169(5/6):1137-1155.
[15]徐峰,牛生杰,张羽,等.湛江东海岛春季海雾雾水化学特性分析[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(3):353-360.Xu Feng,Niu Shengjie,Zhang Yu,et al.Analyses on chemical characteristic of spring sea fog water on Donghai island in Zhanjiang,China[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(3):353-360.
[16]吕晶晶,牛生杰,张羽,等.湛江东海岛一次春季海雾的宏微观结构及边界层演变特征[J].气象学报,2014,(2):350-365.Lv Jing-jing,Niu Sheng-jie,Zhang Yu,et al.Evolution characteristics of the macro-/micro-structure and the boundary layer during a spring heavy sea fog episode in Donghai Island in Zhanjiang[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2014,72(2):350-365.
[17]Petters M D,Kreidenweis S M.A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2007,7(8):1961-1971.
[18]Niu S,Lu C,Yu H,et al.Fog research in China:An overview[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2010,27(3):639-662.
[19]郭丽君,郭学良,方春刚,等.华北一次持续性重度雾霾天气的产生、演变与转化特征观测分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2015,(4):427-443.Guo Lijun,Guo Xueliang,Fang Chungang,et al.Observation analysis on characteristics of formation,evolution and transition of a long-lasting severe fog and haze episode in North China[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2015,45(4):427-443.
[20]何俊杰,吴耕晨,张国华,等.广州雾霾期间气溶胶水溶性离子的日变化特征及形成机制[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1107-1112.Diurnal variations and formation mechanisms of water-soluble inorganic ions in aerosols during a haze-fog period in Guangzhou[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(5):1107-1112.
[21]王静,牛生杰,许丹,等.南京一次典型雾霾天气气溶胶光学特性[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):201-208.Aerosol optical properties during the typical haze/fog event in Nanjing[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(2):201-208.
[22]王朔,赵卫雄,徐学哲,等.北京一次严重雾霾过程气溶胶光学特性与气象条件[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(5):1305-1312.Wang Shuo,Zhao Weixiong,Xu Xuezhe,et al.Analysis of aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters in a severe haze-fog episode in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(5):1305-1312.
[23]牛生杰.雾物理化学研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2014.Niu S J.Physical and chemical research of fog[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press.2014.
[24]Mazoyer M,Burnet F,Roberts G C,et al.Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2016:1-35.
[25]康汉青,朱彬,樊曙先.南京北郊冬季大气气溶胶及其湿清除特征研究[J].气候与环境研究,2009,14(5):523-530.Kang H Q,B Zhu,S G Fan.Size distributions and wet scavening properties of winter aerosol particles in north suburb of Nanjing[J].Climatic Environ.Res.,2009,14,523-530.
[26]樊曙先,黄红丽,顾凯华,等.雾过程对大气气溶胶PM10中多环芳烃粒径分布的影响[J].高等学校化学学报,2010,31(12):2375-2382.Fan S X,Huang H L,Gu K H,et al.Effect of fog process on the size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric aerosol PM10[J].Chem.J.Chin.Univ.,2010,31(12):2375-2382.
[27]Gilardoni S,Massoli P,Giulianelli L,et al.Fog scavenging of organic and inorganic aerosol in the Po Valley[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2014,14(4):6967-6981.
[28]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(2013),Climate Change2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[R].Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,U.K.1535.
[29]苏捷,赵普生,陈一娜.北京地区不同天气条件下气溶胶数浓度粒径分布特征研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1208-1218.Su J,Zhao P S,Chen Y N.Characteristics of Number Concentration Size Distributions of Aerosols Under Different Weather Processes in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1208-1218.
[30]马莹,吴兑,刘建.珠三角春节期间PM2.5及水溶性离子成分的变化--以2012年为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):2890-2895.Ma Ying,Wu Dui,Liu Jian.The characteristics of PM2.5 and its water soluble ions during Spring Festival in PRD in 2012[J].China Environment Science,2016;36(10):2890-2895.
[31]Uematsu A,Hashiguchi H,Yamamoto M K,et al.Influence of gravity waves on fog structure revealed by a millimeter-wave scanning Doppler radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(D7).
[32]Bergot T.Small-scale structure of radiation fog:a large-eddy simulation study[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2013,139(673):1099-1112.
[33]Birmili W,Wiedensohler A.New particle formation in the continental boundary layer:Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(20):3325-3328.
[34]王红磊,朱彬,沈利娟,等.南京市夏季大气气溶胶新粒子生成事件分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(3):701-710.Wang H L,Zhu B,Shen L J,et al.Atmospheric particle formation events in Nanjing during summer 2010[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(3):701-710.
[35]郝囝,银燕,肖辉,等.黄山大气气溶胶新粒子生长特性观测分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):13-22.Hao Jian,Yin Yan,Xiao Hui,et al.Observation of new particle formation and growth on Mount Huang[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(1):13-22.
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