含层理砂岩热膨胀系数的试验研究
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摘要
在放射性核废料处置、地热能源开采以及地下油气储存等工程中,热量的传递将会在很大程度上改变岩土材料的力学性质,因此,岩土体及缓冲材料的热力学参数,包括热传导系数、热膨胀系数、比热容对工程设计以及安全性评价有着至关重要的作用。利用自主研制的岩石膨胀系数测试仪对含层理砂岩进行了热膨胀系数试验,研究了岩石轴向和径向热膨胀系数的变化规律,结果表明:对于含水平层理岩样,随着温度的变化,当膨胀均匀后,轴向热膨胀系数约为14×10~(-6)℃~(-1),而径向热膨胀系数约为9×10~(-6)℃~(-1),前者约为后者的1.56倍,表现出明显的各向异性;相比于含水平层理岩样,含竖直或倾斜层理岩样的轴向膨胀系数未见显著差异,但径向热膨胀系数明显增加;相同温度下,径向热膨胀系数从大到小的顺序为:竖直方向、倾斜方向和水平方向;由于岩样中沉积层的存在,砂岩与沉积物质的膨胀性能并不相同,这将导致岩样的轴向和径向热膨胀系数表现出各向异性。该研究成果对于岩体的热-力耦合特性研究具有一定的参考意义。
Heat transportation will change the mechanical properties of rock and soil materials considerably in subsurface engineering applications such as radioactive waste repositories, geothermal energy extraction and underground oil/gas storage. Thermal properties of rocks, soils and buffer materials, including thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat capacity, play a crucial role in design and evaluation of safety performance of these projects. The thermal expansion coefficient tests are conducted on sandstone with bedding planes by using the independently developed instrument for thermal expansion coefficient of rocks. The evolution of axial and radial thermal expansion coefficients of rocks are studied. The results show that for rock samples with horizontal beddings, with the change of temperature, axial thermal expansion coefficient is about 14×10~(-6)℃~(-1), while about 9×10~(-6)℃~(-1) in radial direction under uniform expansion. The axial thermal expansion coefficient is about 1.56 times as large as the radial thermal expansion coefficient, and the rock sample shows obvious anisotropy. Compared with rock samples with horizontal beddings, the samples with inclined and vertical beddings shows no significant difference in axial thermal expansion coefficient, but their radial thermal expansion coefficients are larger. Under the same temperature, the order of radial expansion coefficient from big to small is vertical, inclined and horizontal beddings. Because of the existence of beddings, the expansion properties of sandstone and compositions of beddings are different, which leads to the difference of axial and radial expansion coefficients. The results may provide a helpful reference for better understanding the thermo-mechanical behaviors of rocks.
Heat transportation will change the mechanical properties of rock and soil materials considerably in subsurface engineering applications such as radioactive waste repositories, geothermal energy extraction and underground oil/gas storage. Thermal properties of rocks, soils and buffer materials, including thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat capacity, play a crucial role in design and evaluation of safety performance of these projects. The thermal expansion coefficient tests are conducted on sandstone with bedding planes by using the independently developed instrument for thermal expansion coefficient of rocks. The evolution of axial and radial thermal expansion coefficients of rocks are studied. The results show that for rock samples with horizontal beddings, with the change of temperature, axial thermal expansion coefficient is about 14×10~(-6)℃~(-1), while about 9×10~(-6)℃~(-1) in radial direction under uniform expansion. The axial thermal expansion coefficient is about 1.56 times as large as the radial thermal expansion coefficient, and the rock sample shows obvious anisotropy. Compared with rock samples with horizontal beddings, the samples with inclined and vertical beddings shows no significant difference in axial thermal expansion coefficient, but their radial thermal expansion coefficients are larger. Under the same temperature, the order of radial expansion coefficient from big to small is vertical, inclined and horizontal beddings. Because of the existence of beddings, the expansion properties of sandstone and compositions of beddings are different, which leads to the difference of axial and radial expansion coefficients. The results may provide a helpful reference for better understanding the thermo-mechanical behaviors of rocks.
引文
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[13]张子明,张研,宋智通.基于细观力学方法的混凝土热膨胀系数预测[J].计算力学学报,2007,24(6):806-810.ZHANG Zi-ming,ZHANG Yan,SONG Zhi-tong.Prediction on thermal expansion coefficient of concrete based on meso-mechanics method[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics,2007,24(6):806-810.
[14]长江水利委员会长江科学院.SL264-2001水利水电工程岩石试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001.Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute of Changjiang Water Resources Commission.SL264-2001Specifications for rock tests in water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2001.
[2]CHEN Yi-feng,ZHOU Song,HU Ran,et al.Estimating effective thermal conductivity of unsaturated bentonites with consideration of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical effects[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2014,72(3):656-667.
[3]CLAUSER C,HUENGES E.Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals[M]//Rock Physics and Phase Relations:A Handbook of Physical Constants.Washington:AGU Reference Shelf,1995:105-126.
[4]BRODSKY N S,RIGGINS M,CONNOLLY J.Thermal expansion,thermal conductivity,and heat capacity measurements at Yucca Mountain,Nevada[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1997,34(3-4):74.e1-74.e15.
[5]张艳聪,田波,彭鹏,等.水泥混凝土线膨胀系数试验研究[J].公路,2011,(9):201-205.ZHANG Yan-cong,TIAN Bo,PENG Peng,et al.Experimental study on coefficient of thermal expansion of cement concrete[J].Highway,2011,(9):201-205.
[6]钱春香,朱晨峰.骨料粒径对混凝土热膨胀性能的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2009,37(1):18-22.QIAN Chun-xiang,ZHU Chen-feng.Influence of aggregate size on thermal expansion property of concrete[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2009,37(1):18-22.
[7]姚武,郑欣.配合比参数对混凝土热膨胀系数的影响[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):77-87.YAO Wu,ZHENG Xin.Effect of mix proportion coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2007,35(1):77-87.
[8]高桂波,钱春香,朱晨峰,等.粉煤灰对混凝土热膨胀系数的影响[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(增刊):185-190.GAO Gui-bo,QIAN Chun-xiang,ZHU Chen-feng,et al.Effect of fly ash on thermal expansion coefficient of concrete[J].Journal of Southeast University(Natural Science),2006,36(Supp.):185-190.
[9]黄杰,吴胜兴,沈德建.不同粗骨料混凝土早期热膨胀系数试验研究[J].结构工程师,2010,26(3):154-158.HUANG Jie,WU Sheng-xing,SHEN De-jian.Experimental study on thermal expansion coefficient of different type coarse aggregates concrete at early ages[J].Structural Engineers,2010,26(3):154-158.
[10]钱文勋,张燕迟.大坝混凝土早期热膨胀系数试验研究[J].水利水运工程学报,2010,(3):71-74.QIAN Wen-xun,ZHANG Yan-chi.Experimental study on the thermal expansion coefficient of dam concrete at early age[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2010,(3):71-74.
[11]江凯,高祥泽,谌东升,等.大体积混凝土热膨胀系数反演分析[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(6):17-19.JIANG Kai,GAO Xiang-ze,SHEN Dong-sheng,et al.Inverse analysis of thermal expansion coefficient of mass concrete[J].Journal of China Three Gorges University(Natural Science),2011,33(6):17-19.
[12]张研,陈海燕,张子明,等.基于细观尺度的混凝土热膨胀性能研究[J].建筑材料学报,2011,14(3):310-316.ZHANG Yan,CHEN Hai-yan,ZHANG Zi-ming,et al.Meso-scale study on thermal expansion coefficient of concrete[J].Journal of Building Materials,2011,14(3):310-316.
[13]张子明,张研,宋智通.基于细观力学方法的混凝土热膨胀系数预测[J].计算力学学报,2007,24(6):806-810.ZHANG Zi-ming,ZHANG Yan,SONG Zhi-tong.Prediction on thermal expansion coefficient of concrete based on meso-mechanics method[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics,2007,24(6):806-810.
[14]长江水利委员会长江科学院.SL264-2001水利水电工程岩石试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001.Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute of Changjiang Water Resources Commission.SL264-2001Specifications for rock tests in water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2001.