陈化玉米及谷胱甘肽酵母粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究陈化玉米对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响,以及添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉对上述指标的改善效果。选取28头(25±1)日龄的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,按体重相近原则随机分为4组,分别为对照组(基础饲粮)、谷胱甘肽酵母粉组(基础饲粮+0.5%谷胱甘肽酵母粉)、陈化玉米组(由陈化玉米100%替代基础饲粮中的正常玉米)和陈化玉米+谷胱甘肽酵母粉组(陈化玉米组饲粮+0.5%谷胱甘肽酵母粉),每组7个重复,每个重复1头猪,单笼饲养。试验期42 d。结果显示:1)陈化玉米和谷胱甘肽酵母粉对断奶仔猪各阶段的平均日增重和平均日采食量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,陈化玉米组试验第1～14天、第14～28天、第1～28天和第1～42天料重比显著降低(P<0.05);添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉有降低第1～28天料重比的趋势(P=0.091)。2)与对照组相比,陈化玉米组干物质、粗灰分、有机物和粗蛋白质的表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉有提高粗蛋白质表观消化率的趋势(P=0.066);陈化玉米和谷胱甘肽酵母粉的交互作用有影响粗脂肪表观消化率的趋势(P=0.083)。3)与对照组相比,陈化玉米组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高(P<0.05),而血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性无显著变化(P>0.05);添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉显著降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05),显著提高血清T-SOD活性(P <0. 05),并有改善血清GSH-Px活性的趋势(P=0.083)。4)相对于正常玉米,陈化玉米有提高血清尿素氮(UN)含量的趋势(P=0.050);添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉有降低血清总胆固醇(T-CHO)(P=0.096)和甘油三酯(TG)含量的趋势(P=0.086)。5)相对于正常玉米,陈化玉米显著降低了血清溶菌酶(LZM)活性(P <0.05);添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉显著增加血清补体3(C3)的含量(P <0.05),有增加血清LZM活性的趋势(P=0.099)。在本试验条件下,陈化玉米相对于正常玉米可显著降低断奶仔猪料重比,显著提高饲粮干物质、粗灰分、有机物和粗蛋白质的表观消化率,同时会降低仔猪的血清抗氧化能力和免疫功能,而添加谷胱甘肽酵母粉能在一定程度上缓解陈化玉米的负面效应。
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aging maize on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,serum antioxidant and immune indices of weaning piglets and the improvement effect of glutathione yeast supplementation on the above indices. Twenty-eight healthy Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire weaned piglets at the age of( 25±1) days were randomly divided into four groups,including control group( basal diet),glutathione yeast group( basal diet+0.5% glutathione yeast),aging maize group( the normal maize in the basal diet was all replaced by aging maize) and aging maize+glutathione yeast group( aging maize diet+0.5% glutathione yeast),respectively. Each group consisted of seven replicates with one piglet per replicate,and the piglet were feed separately. The trial lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) aging maize and glutathione yeast had no significant effects on average daily gain( ADG) and average daily feed intake( ADFI) of weaning piglets at each stage( P>0.05). Compared with control group,the ratio of feed to gain( F/G) on days 1 to 14,days 14 to 28,days 1 to 28 and days 1 to 42 in aging maize group were significantly decreased( P<0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation tended to decrease the F/G on days 1 to 28( P = 0.091). 2) Compared with control group,the apparent digestibility of dry matter,ash,organic matter and crude protein in aging maize group were significantly increased( P<0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation tended to increase the apparent digestibility of crude protein( P = 0.066); the interaction between aging maize and glutathione yeast had a tendency to influence the apparent digestibility of crude fat( P = 0.083). 3) Compared with control group,the serum malondialdehyde( MDA) content in aging maize group was significantly increased( P < 0. 05),but the serum total antioxidant capacity( T-AOC),and the activities of glutathion peroxidase( GSH-Px),catalase( CAT) and total superoxide dismutase( T-SOD) had no significant differences( P>0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation significantly decreased serum MDA content( P < 0. 05),significantly increased serum T-SOD activity( P < 0. 05),and tended to increase the serum GSH-Px activity( P = 0. 083). 4) Compared with normal maize,aging maize tended to increase serum urea nitrogen( UN) content( P = 0.050); glutathione yeast supplementation tended to decrease serum total cholesterol( T-CHO)( P = 0.096) and triglyceride( TG) contents( P = 0.086). 5) Compared with normal maize,aging maize significantly decreased serum lysozyme( LZM) activity( P<0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation significantly increased serum complement 3( C3) content( P < 0. 05),and tended to increase serum LZM activity( P = 0.099). Under this experimental condition,compares with normal maize,aging maize can significantly decrease F/G,and can significantly increase the apparent digestibility of dry matter,ash,organic matter and crude protein,meanwhile,it can reduce serum antioxidant capacity and immune function. Dietary glutathione yeast supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of aging maize to a certain extent.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aging maize on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,serum antioxidant and immune indices of weaning piglets and the improvement effect of glutathione yeast supplementation on the above indices. Twenty-eight healthy Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire weaned piglets at the age of( 25±1) days were randomly divided into four groups,including control group( basal diet),glutathione yeast group( basal diet+0.5% glutathione yeast),aging maize group( the normal maize in the basal diet was all replaced by aging maize) and aging maize+glutathione yeast group( aging maize diet+0.5% glutathione yeast),respectively. Each group consisted of seven replicates with one piglet per replicate,and the piglet were feed separately. The trial lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) aging maize and glutathione yeast had no significant effects on average daily gain( ADG) and average daily feed intake( ADFI) of weaning piglets at each stage( P>0.05). Compared with control group,the ratio of feed to gain( F/G) on days 1 to 14,days 14 to 28,days 1 to 28 and days 1 to 42 in aging maize group were significantly decreased( P<0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation tended to decrease the F/G on days 1 to 28( P = 0.091). 2) Compared with control group,the apparent digestibility of dry matter,ash,organic matter and crude protein in aging maize group were significantly increased( P<0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation tended to increase the apparent digestibility of crude protein( P = 0.066); the interaction between aging maize and glutathione yeast had a tendency to influence the apparent digestibility of crude fat( P = 0.083). 3) Compared with control group,the serum malondialdehyde( MDA) content in aging maize group was significantly increased( P < 0. 05),but the serum total antioxidant capacity( T-AOC),and the activities of glutathion peroxidase( GSH-Px),catalase( CAT) and total superoxide dismutase( T-SOD) had no significant differences( P>0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation significantly decreased serum MDA content( P < 0. 05),significantly increased serum T-SOD activity( P < 0. 05),and tended to increase the serum GSH-Px activity( P = 0. 083). 4) Compared with normal maize,aging maize tended to increase serum urea nitrogen( UN) content( P = 0.050); glutathione yeast supplementation tended to decrease serum total cholesterol( T-CHO)( P = 0.096) and triglyceride( TG) contents( P = 0.086). 5) Compared with normal maize,aging maize significantly decreased serum lysozyme( LZM) activity( P<0.05); glutathione yeast supplementation significantly increased serum complement 3( C3) content( P < 0. 05),and tended to increase serum LZM activity( P = 0.099). Under this experimental condition,compares with normal maize,aging maize can significantly decrease F/G,and can significantly increase the apparent digestibility of dry matter,ash,organic matter and crude protein,meanwhile,it can reduce serum antioxidant capacity and immune function. Dietary glutathione yeast supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of aging maize to a certain extent.
引文
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[15]VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C M C,JANSMAN A JM,SMIDT H,et al.Effects of yeast culture on performance,gut integrity,and blood cell composition of weanling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(11):3099-3109.
[16]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[17]周显青,张玉荣,张勇.储存玉米膜脂损伤指标的研究[J].中国粮油学报,2008,23(3):148-151.
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[19]YIN D F,YUAN J M,GUO Y M,et al.Effect of storage time on the characteristics of corn and efficiency of its utilization in broiler chickens[J].Animal Nutrition,2017,3(3):252-257.
[20]袁召光.陈化稻糙米代替玉米日粮对肉鸭生产性能的研究[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2004.
[21]周显青,张玉荣,张勇.储藏玉米陈化机理及挥发物与品质变化的关系[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):242-246.
[22]LI Q F,SHI M,SHI C X,et al.Effect of variety and drying method on the nutritive value of corn for growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2014,5(1):18.
[23]袁施彬,陈代文,余冰,等.氧化应激对断奶仔猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响[J].中国饲料,2007(8):19-22.
[24]SHI Y H,WANG J,GUO R,et al.Effects of alfalfa saponin extract on growth performance and some antioxidant indices of weaned piglets[J].Livestock Science,2014,167:257-262.
[25]PENG C C,YAN J Y,DONG B,et al.Effects of graded levels of cupric citrate on growth performance,antioxidant status,serum lipid metabolites and immunity,and tissue residues of trace elements in weaned pigs[J].A-sian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2016,30(4):538-545.
[26]NICHOLSON J K,HOLMES E,KINROSS J M,et al.Metabolic phenotyping in clinical and surgical environments[J].Nature,2012,491(7424):384-392.
[27]董志岩,叶鼎承,李忠荣,等.理想蛋白质氨基酸模式对生长猪生产性能、血清尿素氮及游离氨基酸的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(5):30-34.
[28]LIU P,KERR B J,WEBER T E,et al.Influence of thermally oxidized vegetable oils and animal fats on intestinal barrier function and immune variables in young pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(7):2971-2979.
[29]HE X,YANG X J,GUO Y M.Effects of different dietary oil sources on immune function in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed chickens[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2007,139(3/4):186-200.
[30]YANG H S,WU F,LONG L N,et al.Effects of yeast products on the intestinal morphology,barrier function,cytokine expression,and antioxidant system of weaned piglets[J].Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B:Biomedicine&Biotechnology,2016,17(10):752-762.
[31]刘宁,杨玲,杨维仁,等.自然霉变饲粮添加酵母细胞壁对仔猪养分消化率和消化酶活性的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2017,32(1):99-103.
[32]贺琴,王自蕊,游金明,等.酵母壁多糖对断奶仔猪外周血免疫和肠道免疫的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(7):2502-2511.
[2]刘国信.临储政策改革元年玉米市场变化明显[J].北方牧业,2016(23):14-15.
[3]孙得发.2016-2017年中国饲料企业使用陈化玉米导致的黄膘肉问题及思考[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017,53(7):147-151,166.
[4]解慧,修琳,郑明珠,等.玉米贮藏过程中营养成分的变化[J].食品工业,2014(12):240-243.
[5]ZIA-UR-REHMAN.Storage effects on nutritional quality of commonly consumed cereals[J].Food Chemistry,2006,95(1):53-57.
[6]MCDONOUGH C M,FLOYD C D,WANISKA R D,et al.Effect of accelerated aging on maize,sorghum,and sorghum meal[J].Journal of Cereal Science,2004,39(3):351-361.
[7]刘洋,刘比一,尹达菲,等.不同储存时间的玉米对肉鸡血清生化和组织学的影响[J].中国家禽,2015,(13):22-26.
[8]崔小燕.初探不同储存期玉米对雉科鸟类抗氧化及免疫功能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北林业大学2013.
[9]张亚茹,王忠,蔡少敏,等.陈玉米饲粮中添加茶多酚、维生素E和二丁基羟基甲苯对肉鸭生长性能和抗氧化功能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(4):1184-1190.
[10]周婷婷,曹俊明,黄燕华,等.饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对吉富罗非鱼抗氧化和抗亚硝基氮应激能力的影响[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(1):59-62,68.
[11]朱选,曹俊明,赵红霞,等.饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对草鱼组织中谷胱甘肽沉积和抗氧化能力的影响[J].中国水产科学,2008,15(1):160-166.
[12]张延涛.谷胱甘肽对断奶仔猪生长与免疫的影响[D].硕士学位论文.广州:华南农业大学,2001.
[13]贺琴.酵母壁多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道微生物和机体免疫的影响[D].硕士学位论文.南昌:江西农业大学,2017.
[14]SHEN Y B,PIAO X S,KIM S W,et al.Effects of yeast culture supplementation on growth performance,intestinal health,and immune response of nursery pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(8):2614-2624.
[15]VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C M C,JANSMAN A JM,SMIDT H,et al.Effects of yeast culture on performance,gut integrity,and blood cell composition of weanling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(11):3099-3109.
[16]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[17]周显青,张玉荣,张勇.储存玉米膜脂损伤指标的研究[J].中国粮油学报,2008,23(3):148-151.
[18]张玉荣,周显青,张勇.储存玉米陈化数学模型的建立和机理探讨[J].河南工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,28(6):4-8.
[19]YIN D F,YUAN J M,GUO Y M,et al.Effect of storage time on the characteristics of corn and efficiency of its utilization in broiler chickens[J].Animal Nutrition,2017,3(3):252-257.
[20]袁召光.陈化稻糙米代替玉米日粮对肉鸭生产性能的研究[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2004.
[21]周显青,张玉荣,张勇.储藏玉米陈化机理及挥发物与品质变化的关系[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):242-246.
[22]LI Q F,SHI M,SHI C X,et al.Effect of variety and drying method on the nutritive value of corn for growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2014,5(1):18.
[23]袁施彬,陈代文,余冰,等.氧化应激对断奶仔猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响[J].中国饲料,2007(8):19-22.
[24]SHI Y H,WANG J,GUO R,et al.Effects of alfalfa saponin extract on growth performance and some antioxidant indices of weaned piglets[J].Livestock Science,2014,167:257-262.
[25]PENG C C,YAN J Y,DONG B,et al.Effects of graded levels of cupric citrate on growth performance,antioxidant status,serum lipid metabolites and immunity,and tissue residues of trace elements in weaned pigs[J].A-sian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2016,30(4):538-545.
[26]NICHOLSON J K,HOLMES E,KINROSS J M,et al.Metabolic phenotyping in clinical and surgical environments[J].Nature,2012,491(7424):384-392.
[27]董志岩,叶鼎承,李忠荣,等.理想蛋白质氨基酸模式对生长猪生产性能、血清尿素氮及游离氨基酸的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(5):30-34.
[28]LIU P,KERR B J,WEBER T E,et al.Influence of thermally oxidized vegetable oils and animal fats on intestinal barrier function and immune variables in young pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(7):2971-2979.
[29]HE X,YANG X J,GUO Y M.Effects of different dietary oil sources on immune function in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed chickens[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2007,139(3/4):186-200.
[30]YANG H S,WU F,LONG L N,et al.Effects of yeast products on the intestinal morphology,barrier function,cytokine expression,and antioxidant system of weaned piglets[J].Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B:Biomedicine&Biotechnology,2016,17(10):752-762.
[31]刘宁,杨玲,杨维仁,等.自然霉变饲粮添加酵母细胞壁对仔猪养分消化率和消化酶活性的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2017,32(1):99-103.
[32]贺琴,王自蕊,游金明,等.酵母壁多糖对断奶仔猪外周血免疫和肠道免疫的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(7):2502-2511.