教育匹配对已婚女性劳动参与的影响——基于第三期妇女社会地位调查数据的实证分析
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摘要
教育程度在婚姻市场和劳动力市场中都是十分重要的个人特征,教育匹配特征在婚后继续影响女性在劳动力市场上的表现。随着我国女性受教育程度的快速提高,尤其是高学历女性的增多,传统的同质匹配虽然仍占据主体地位,但是向下匹配的高等教育程度女性也占到了27.59%。本文基于第三期妇女社会地位调查数据的分析发现教育匹配类型不影响初等教育程度女性的劳动参与,中等教育程度女性的向上匹配会显著提高已婚女性的劳动参与,而高等教育程度女性的向下匹配会显著降低其劳动参与。这意味着性别身份准则抑制了向下匹配的高等教育程度女性的劳动参与,高学历女性在婚后退出劳动力市场,造成其人力资本的作用未充分发挥,于社会而言是人力资源的浪费;若为避免受到性别身份准则的影响坚持向上匹配或同质匹配,又会由于匹配对象少被迫晚婚,与此同时教育程度较低的未婚男性受到严重的婚姻挤压,不利于社会的和谐稳定。
Education is an important personal characteristic in marriage market and labor market and it continues to affect women's performance in labor market after marriage. Though the rapid improvement of women's education in China brought about an increasing large size of women with high education, the traditional homogenous educational matching is still the main marriage matching for women while the marriage matching of higher educated women with lower educated husbands can account for 27.59%. The analysis of the data of the third Women's Social Status Survey, finds that the education match do not affect the labor participation of women with primary education, the upward match of married women with secondary education can significantly improve their labor participation, while the downward match of the women with higher education can significantly reduce their labor participation. This can be explained by that the gender identity criterion inhibits the labor participation of the downward matching females with high education. It will reduce their labor participation after marriage and cause a great waste of human resources for the society if the highly educated women keep the marriage to the lower educated husbands, otherwise they have to seek for upward matching or homogenous matching in a marriage market with relatively less qualified males and they finally have to facing late marriage or keeping single if they hope to avoid being overcome by gender identity criteria, which can bring about a large number of lower educated males with no sufficient females for marriage in marriage market and a serious marriage squeeze also has negative impacts on social harmony and stability.
Education is an important personal characteristic in marriage market and labor market and it continues to affect women's performance in labor market after marriage. Though the rapid improvement of women's education in China brought about an increasing large size of women with high education, the traditional homogenous educational matching is still the main marriage matching for women while the marriage matching of higher educated women with lower educated husbands can account for 27.59%. The analysis of the data of the third Women's Social Status Survey, finds that the education match do not affect the labor participation of women with primary education, the upward match of married women with secondary education can significantly improve their labor participation, while the downward match of the women with higher education can significantly reduce their labor participation. This can be explained by that the gender identity criterion inhibits the labor participation of the downward matching females with high education. It will reduce their labor participation after marriage and cause a great waste of human resources for the society if the highly educated women keep the marriage to the lower educated husbands, otherwise they have to seek for upward matching or homogenous matching in a marriage market with relatively less qualified males and they finally have to facing late marriage or keeping single if they hope to avoid being overcome by gender identity criteria, which can bring about a large number of lower educated males with no sufficient females for marriage in marriage market and a serious marriage squeeze also has negative impacts on social harmony and stability.
引文
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[2]李煜.婚姻的教育匹配:50年来的变迁[J].中国人口科学,2008(3):73-79.
[3]齐亚强,牛建林.新中国成立以来我国婚姻匹配模式的变迁[J].社会学研究,2012(1):106-129.
[4]Bernasco W,Graaf P M D,Ultee W C.Effects of Spouse's Resources on Occupational Attainment in the Netherlands[J].European Sociological Review,1998,14(1):15-31.
[5]Lefgren L,Mcintyre F.The Relationship between Women's Education and Marriage Outcomes[J]Journal of Labor Economics.2006,24(4):787-830.
[6]李锋亮,徐舜平,付新宇.匹配效应与溢出效应:基于夫妻教育匹配对收入影响的实证发现[J].教育与经济,2016(1):47-52.
[7]Fernández R,Rogerson R.Sorting and Long-Run Inequality[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2000,116(116):1305-1341.
[8]Eika L,Mogstad M,Zafar B.Educational Assortative Mating and Household Income Inequality[J].Staff Reports,2014,4(682):1-44.
[9]潘丽群,李静,踪家峰.教育同质性婚配与家庭收入不平等[J].中国工业经济,2015(8):35-49.
[10]刘怡,李智慧,耿志祥.婚姻匹配、代际流动与家庭模式的个税改革[J].管理世界,2017(9):60-72.
[11]江求川.婚姻中的教育匹配对中国收入差距的影响[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2018(2):32-42..
[12]陈奇,张兆曙.婚姻的教育匹配会加剧家庭间收入的不平等吗?——基于泰尔指数和反事实分析的方法[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2018(1):136-144.
[13]Rapp D,Zoch B,Khan M M H,et al.Association between gap in spousal education and domestic violence in India and Bangladesh[J].BMC Public Health,2012,12(467):1-9.
[14]Gihleb R.Dynamic Effects of Educational Assortative Mating on Labor Supply[J].IZA Discussion Papers,2016.
[15]Bertrand,M.,E.Kamenica and J.Pan,"Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2015,130(2),571-614。
[16]续继,黄娅娜.性别认同与家庭中的婚姻及劳动表现[J].经济研究,2018(4):136-150.
[17]冯乐安,翟晓华.民族地区城市青年的婚姻匹配:基于初婚年龄、学历的研究[J].南方人口,2015(5):64-71.
[18]李若建.机遇与成本:大都市青年女性的就业、教育、婚姻状况变迁研究[J].南方人口,2010(2):25-31.