摘要
露天煤矿新建排土场边坡土质疏松,细沟侵蚀强烈。本文通过野外实地调查,以裸坡为对照,对内蒙古永利煤矿排土场边坡2种不同治理模式(A模式-沙柳方格+沙打旺(Salix Psammophila Checkerboard+Astragalus adsurgens),B模式-沙柳方格)下边坡的细沟侵蚀特征进行了研究。结果表明:裸坡细沟侵蚀总量为283.73kg,A和B治理模式下边坡的细沟侵蚀总量较裸坡减少46.36%和35.09%。细沟密度、割裂度和宽深比从坡顶至坡脚的变化趋势,在裸坡上表现为减小-增大-减小,而在A模式治理的边坡上均为缓慢增大,在B模式治理的边坡上均为先增大后减小。距坡顶0~14 m处,75%和45%覆盖度沙打旺相比裸坡可使细沟侵蚀量降低37.29%~70.82%和43.10%~70.34%,二者控蚀效果基本相同;距坡顶14~20m处,75%覆盖度坡面细沟侵蚀量较45%覆盖度减小53.32%~61.49%;距坡顶>20m处,沙打旺不能有效控制细沟侵蚀。结果可为矿区生态环境安全与可持续发展提供科学依据。
Soil erosion in mining area is a major problem for the ecological security,especially in Loess Plateau.Non-conservation managing practices have further aggravated the situation,especially in new dump slope,which are affected by the highest rates of soil erosion among mining area.Therefore,it is necessary to find a right managing model for the environment restoration of mining area.The one-year dump slopes were selected to evaluate rill erosion.Two managing models were applied to these one-year slopes of opencast coal mine in Inner Mongolia Erdos Yongli.Type A was Salix Psammophila Checkerboard mixed Astragalus adsurgens and type B was Salix Psammophila Checkerboard.In order to easily test the effect of A and B,a bare lope was regarded as a contrast(CK).The experiment included five sample sites:two A,two B,and a CK.Results showed that:rill density,degree of rill dissection,and rill width-depth ratio showed the trend of declining-rising-declining with increasing slope length on CK,but steadily rising on A,rising-declining on B;The rill erosion amount of CK increased rapidly 8 minterval,and reached 283.73kg;the total rill erosion amount of A and B decreased 46.36% and 35.09% compared to CK.Therefore,A type decreased rill erosion due to the function of Astragalus adsurgens;The accumulation of rill erosion changed with the increase of slope length,and the relationships among them was exponential function ofCK,and power function of A and B;the effect of control rill erosion was not different between 75% coverage and 45% coverage before 14 m.The 75% coverage was more effective than 45% between 14~20m,and the rill erosion amount decreased 53.32%~61.49%.However,the effective control on erosion was within 20 m.This study may provide some scientific basis for the management of dump slope and the ecological security of mining area.
引文
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