增温对高寒灌丛根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响
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摘要
本文对青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花高寒灌丛生长季根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮对增温的响应进行研究.结果表明:窄叶鲜卑花灌丛生长季初期根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮均显著高于生长季中期和末期.在多数时期,增温对根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响不显著.在非根际土壤中,增温对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响因不同生长季节而不同:增温使生长季初期土壤微生物生物量碳显著降低,而使土壤微生物生物量氮显著提高;生长季中期增温使土壤微生物生物量碳和氮显著提高;而在生长季末期增温对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响不显著.土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的根际效应也因不同生长季节而不同:土壤微生物生物量碳和氮在生长季初期表现为负根际效应,而在生长季中期表现为正根际效应;在生长季末期,土壤微生物生物量碳表现为负根际效应,土壤微生物生物量氮则表现为正根际效应.增温在生长季初期使土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的根际效应显著提高,而在生长季中期和末期使土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的根际效应降低.本研究初步阐明了气候变暖背景下高寒灌丛根际和非根际土壤生物学过程变化机理.
To understand the effects of climate warming on the rhizosphere ecological process in the alpine scrub ecosystem, the responses of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and bulk soil to experimental warming were examined in a Sibiraea angustata scrubland on the eas-tern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. The results showed that the concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the early growing season were significantly higher than those in the middle and late growing seasons. Experimental warming did not significantly affect the concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen of the rhizosphere soil in the most growing seasons. In the bulk soil, however, the effects of experimental warming on the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen differed among the growing season. Experimental warming significantly decreased microbial biomass carbon but increased microbial biomass nitrogen in the early growing season. In the middle growing season, warming significantly increased both microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. In the late growing season, there was no significant effect. The rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also differed with the growing season. The rhizosphere effects of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were negative in the early growing season but positive in the middle growing season. In the late growing season, there were negative rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass carbon and positive rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass nitrogen. Furthermore, experimental warming significantly increased the rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the early growing season, but decreased those in the middle and late growing seasons. These results uncovered the changing mechanism of the biologi-cal process in the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the alpine scrub ecosystems under the background of climate warming.
To understand the effects of climate warming on the rhizosphere ecological process in the alpine scrub ecosystem, the responses of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and bulk soil to experimental warming were examined in a Sibiraea angustata scrubland on the eas-tern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. The results showed that the concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the early growing season were significantly higher than those in the middle and late growing seasons. Experimental warming did not significantly affect the concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen of the rhizosphere soil in the most growing seasons. In the bulk soil, however, the effects of experimental warming on the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen differed among the growing season. Experimental warming significantly decreased microbial biomass carbon but increased microbial biomass nitrogen in the early growing season. In the middle growing season, warming significantly increased both microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. In the late growing season, there was no significant effect. The rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also differed with the growing season. The rhizosphere effects of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were negative in the early growing season but positive in the middle growing season. In the late growing season, there were negative rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass carbon and positive rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass nitrogen. Furthermore, experimental warming significantly increased the rhizosphere effects of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the early growing season, but decreased those in the middle and late growing seasons. These results uncovered the changing mechanism of the biologi-cal process in the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the alpine scrub ecosystems under the background of climate warming.
引文
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[25] Cao C-Y (曹成有),Chen J-M (陈家模),Shao J-F (邵建飞),et al.Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in four sand-fixation plantations on Horqin sandy land.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2011,30(2):227-233 (in Chinese)
[26] Yong Z,Dong S,Gao Q,et al.Soil bacterial and fungal diversity differently correlated with soil biochemistry in alpine grassland ecosystems in response to environmental changes.Scientific Reports,2017,7:43077
[27] Hu X (胡霞),Yin P (尹鹏),Wang Z-Y (王智勇),et al.Preliminary study on the effect of snow depth and snow duration on soil N dynamics.Ecology and Environment Sciences (生态环境学报),2014,23(4):593-597 (in Chinese)
[28] Li Z,Yang W,Yue K,et al.Effects of snow absence on winter soil nitrogen dynamics in a subalpine spruce forest of southwestern China.Geoderma,2017,307:107-113
[29] Wang W,Shu X,Zhang Q,et al.Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the soil nutrient balances,infiltration,and stability of cyanobacterial soil crusts in northern China.Plant and Soil,2015,386:263-272
[30] Wang J-N (王金牛).Adaptable Cntribution of Differentiation Patterns of Plant Phenology to Maintaining Nitrogen Utilization of Plants in Alpine Meadows and Its Dynamic Balance.PhD Thesis.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2013 (in Chinese)
[31] Xue K,Yuan MM,Zhou JS,et al.Tundra soil carbon is vulnerable to rapid microbial decomposition under climate warming.Nature Climate Change,2016,6:595-600
[32] B?lscher T,Paterson E,Freitag T,et al.Temperature sensitivity of substrate-use efficiency can result from altered microbial physiology without change to community composition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,109:59-69
[33] Xi N,Bloor JMG.Interactive effects of precipitation and nitrogen spatial pattern on carbon use and functional diversity in soil microbial communities.Applied Soil Ecology,2016,100:207-210
[34] Bai E,Li S,Xu W,et al.A meta-analysis of experimental warming effects on terrestrial nitrogen pools and dynamics.New Phytologist,2013,199:441-451
[35] Wang J (王军),Wang G-Q (王冠钦),Li F (李飞),et al.Effects of short-term experimental warming on soil microbes in a typical alpine steppe.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2018,42(1):883-891 (in Chinese)
[36] Li YY,Wang J,Pan FX,et al.Soil nitrogen availability alters rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16:1472-1480
[37] Zhang ZJ,Qu YY,Li SZ,et al.Soil bacterial quantification approaches coupling with relative abundances reflecting the changes of taxa.Scientific Reports,2017,7:4837,doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05260-w
[38] Toberman H,Chen CR,Xu ZH.Rhizosphere effects on soil nutrient dynamics and microbial activity in an Australian tropical lowland rainforest.Soil Research,2011,49:652-660
[39] Xiao L (肖玲),Wang K-Y (王开运),Zhang Y-B (张远彬),et al.Responses of microbes in rhizospheric soil of Abies faxoniana to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2006,17(5):773-777 (in Chinese)
[2] Xiong Q,Pan K,Zhang L,et al.Warming and nitrogen deposition are interactive in shaping surface soil microbial communities near the alpine timberline zone on the eas-tern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,southwestern China.Applied Soil Ecology,2016,101:72-83
[3] Khan KS,Mack R,Castillo X,et al.Microbial biomass,fungal and bacterial residues,and their relationships to the soil organic matter C/N/P/S ratios.Geoderma,2016,271:115-123
[4] Zheng H-F (郑海峰),Chen Y-M (陈亚梅),Yang L (杨林),et al.Responses of soil microbial community structure to simulated warming in alpine timberline in western Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(9):2840-2848 (in Chinese)
[5] Chu HY,Grogan P.Soil microbial biomass,nutrient availability and nitrogen mineralization potential among vegetation-types in a low arctic tundra landscape.Plant and Soil,2010,329:411-420
[6] Wang X,Dong S,Gao Q,et al.Effects of short-term and long-term warming on soil nutrients,microbial biomass and enzyme activities in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,76:140-142
[7] Fu G,Shen Z,Zhang X,et al.Response of soil microbial biomass to short-term experimental warming in alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Applied Soil Ecology,2012,61:158-160
[8] Sorensen PO,Finzi AC,Giasson MA,et al.Winter soil freeze-thaw cycles lead to reductions in soil microbial biomass and activity not compensated for by soil warming.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,116:39-47
[9] Schindlbacher A,Rodler A,Kuffner M,et al.Experimental warming effects on the microbial community of a temperate mountain forest soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:1417-1425
[10] Hess LJT,Austin AT.Pine afforestation alters rhizosphere effects and soil nutrient turnover across a precipitation gradient in Patagonia,Argentina.Plant and Soil,2017,415:1-16
[11] Xiao L (肖列),Liu G-B (刘国彬),Li P (李鹏),et al.Effects of short-term elevated CO2 concentration and drought stress on the rhizosphere effects of soil carbon,nitrogen and microbes of Bothriochloa ischaemum.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(10):3251-3259 (in Chinese)
[12] Wang Q-T (汪其同),Gao M-Y (高明宇),Liu M-L (刘梦玲),et al.Illumina Miseq sequencing-based fungal community of rhizosphere soils along root orders of poplar plantation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(4):1177-1183 (in Chinese)
[13] Yin HJ,Li YJ,Xiao J,et al.Enhanced root exudation stimulates soil nitrogen transformations in a subalpine coniferous forest under experimental warming.Global Change Biology,2013,19:2158-2167
[14] Lepp?lammi-Kujansuu J,Salemaa M,Dan BK,et al.Fine root turnover and litter production of Norway spruce in a long-term temperature and nutrient manipulation experiment.Plant and Soil,2014,374:73-88
[15] Liu S (刘顺),Sheng K-Y (盛可银),Liu X-S (刘喜帅),et al.Contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen forms in rhizosphere soil of Cunninghamia lanceolata and the rhizopshere effect.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2017,36(7):1957-1964 (in Chinese)
[16] IPCC.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[17] Zhang H-Q (张贺全),Sun R-B (孙饶斌),Ye M-S (冶民生),et al.Characteristics of main shrub populations in the original area of the Minjiang River.Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究),2012,19(1):124-129 (in Chinese)
[18] Ye M-S (冶民生),Wu B (吴斌),Guan W-B (关文彬),et al.Plant community stability in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究),2009,16(1):259-263 (in Chinese)
[19] Ma Z,Zhao W,Zhao C,et al.Plants regulate the effects of experimental warming on the soil microbial community in an alpine scrub ecosystem.PLoS One,2018,13(4):e0195079
[20] Ma Z-L (马志良),Zhao W-Q (赵文强),Zhao C-Z (赵春章),et al.The responses of soil inorganic nitrogen to warming and plant removal during the growing season in a Sibiraea angustata alpine scrub ecosystem of eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2018,42(1):86-94 (in Chinese)
[21] Phillips RP,Fahey TJ.The influence of soil fertility on rhizosphere effects in northern hardwood forest soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72:453-461
[22] Vance ED,Brookes PC,Jenkinson DS.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[23] Brookes PC,Landman A,Pruden G,et al.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:A rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837-842
[24] Joergensen RG,Wu J,Brookes PC.Measuring soil microbial biomass using an automated procedure.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:873-876
[25] Cao C-Y (曹成有),Chen J-M (陈家模),Shao J-F (邵建飞),et al.Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in four sand-fixation plantations on Horqin sandy land.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2011,30(2):227-233 (in Chinese)
[26] Yong Z,Dong S,Gao Q,et al.Soil bacterial and fungal diversity differently correlated with soil biochemistry in alpine grassland ecosystems in response to environmental changes.Scientific Reports,2017,7:43077
[27] Hu X (胡霞),Yin P (尹鹏),Wang Z-Y (王智勇),et al.Preliminary study on the effect of snow depth and snow duration on soil N dynamics.Ecology and Environment Sciences (生态环境学报),2014,23(4):593-597 (in Chinese)
[28] Li Z,Yang W,Yue K,et al.Effects of snow absence on winter soil nitrogen dynamics in a subalpine spruce forest of southwestern China.Geoderma,2017,307:107-113
[29] Wang W,Shu X,Zhang Q,et al.Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the soil nutrient balances,infiltration,and stability of cyanobacterial soil crusts in northern China.Plant and Soil,2015,386:263-272
[30] Wang J-N (王金牛).Adaptable Cntribution of Differentiation Patterns of Plant Phenology to Maintaining Nitrogen Utilization of Plants in Alpine Meadows and Its Dynamic Balance.PhD Thesis.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2013 (in Chinese)
[31] Xue K,Yuan MM,Zhou JS,et al.Tundra soil carbon is vulnerable to rapid microbial decomposition under climate warming.Nature Climate Change,2016,6:595-600
[32] B?lscher T,Paterson E,Freitag T,et al.Temperature sensitivity of substrate-use efficiency can result from altered microbial physiology without change to community composition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,109:59-69
[33] Xi N,Bloor JMG.Interactive effects of precipitation and nitrogen spatial pattern on carbon use and functional diversity in soil microbial communities.Applied Soil Ecology,2016,100:207-210
[34] Bai E,Li S,Xu W,et al.A meta-analysis of experimental warming effects on terrestrial nitrogen pools and dynamics.New Phytologist,2013,199:441-451
[35] Wang J (王军),Wang G-Q (王冠钦),Li F (李飞),et al.Effects of short-term experimental warming on soil microbes in a typical alpine steppe.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2018,42(1):883-891 (in Chinese)
[36] Li YY,Wang J,Pan FX,et al.Soil nitrogen availability alters rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16:1472-1480
[37] Zhang ZJ,Qu YY,Li SZ,et al.Soil bacterial quantification approaches coupling with relative abundances reflecting the changes of taxa.Scientific Reports,2017,7:4837,doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05260-w
[38] Toberman H,Chen CR,Xu ZH.Rhizosphere effects on soil nutrient dynamics and microbial activity in an Australian tropical lowland rainforest.Soil Research,2011,49:652-660
[39] Xiao L (肖玲),Wang K-Y (王开运),Zhang Y-B (张远彬),et al.Responses of microbes in rhizospheric soil of Abies faxoniana to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2006,17(5):773-777 (in Chinese)