末次盛冰期气候环境基本特征和数值模拟研究进展
|
摘要
末次盛冰期(LGM)是古气候学研究的热门时期之一,很多学者采用不同的研究方法探讨了该时期气候环境变量的特征和变化,尽管各自的侧重点有所不同,某些结论也尚不一致,但是目前初步形成了关于LGM时期的很多共识。针对近20年来不同学者利用重构数据和数值模式模拟等方法对LGM时期开展的研究工作,从物理海洋研究的角度和需求,对LGM时期的地形分布、大气辐射和CO2浓度、海冰和陆地冰川分布、海表面温度以及海洋环流等主要物理要素进行系统描述,总结了LGM时期气候环境的基本特征。结果发现LGM时期海洋表层温度降低,但存在着区域性的温度升高,深海海洋各大洋温度更趋于一致性,冰川受季节性影响较大,主要差别在于北半球,大西洋经向翻转流和南极绕极流的强度仍存在争议。随着LGM时期气候变化研究的深入,关于该时期气候环境基本特征的认识也会继续得以深化和完善,关于过去20年间LGM时期气候要素研究的综述也会对后续数据重构和数值模拟工作具有一定的参考作用。
The Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) is one of the most suitable time periods for paleoclimate researchers and different methods have been used to obtain the characteristics of environmental variables in that period.While many features and arguments on LGM period are still in dispute,some basic agreements have been reached through the progress of last 20 years.In this paper,many physical elements which stand for the basic characteristics of climate in LGM period,including the topography,radiance,atmosphere CO2 concentration,land-sea mask,sea surface temperature(SST) and ocean circulation,have been described systematically by compiling the results of LGM reconstruction with new proxies and model simula-tions in past 20 years to provide a front-row seat for the paleoceanography study in China.We found that the global SSTs in LGM period were cooling overall,but a few warming signals occurred at some particular regions:deep ocean temperatures were relatively homogeneous:the glaciers had significant seasonal variation mainly in the Northern Hemisphere:the strength of the Atlantic MeridionalO verturning Circulation(AMOC) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) was still in dispute.Definitely,the knowledge about LGM period should be broadened and deepened with the further increasingresearch.This review may provide a valuable reference to the following researches about data reconstruction and model simulation in China.
The Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) is one of the most suitable time periods for paleoclimate researchers and different methods have been used to obtain the characteristics of environmental variables in that period.While many features and arguments on LGM period are still in dispute,some basic agreements have been reached through the progress of last 20 years.In this paper,many physical elements which stand for the basic characteristics of climate in LGM period,including the topography,radiance,atmosphere CO2 concentration,land-sea mask,sea surface temperature(SST) and ocean circulation,have been described systematically by compiling the results of LGM reconstruction with new proxies and model simula-tions in past 20 years to provide a front-row seat for the paleoceanography study in China.We found that the global SSTs in LGM period were cooling overall,but a few warming signals occurred at some particular regions:deep ocean temperatures were relatively homogeneous:the glaciers had significant seasonal variation mainly in the Northern Hemisphere:the strength of the Atlantic MeridionalO verturning Circulation(AMOC) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) was still in dispute.Definitely,the knowledge about LGM period should be broadened and deepened with the further increasingresearch.This review may provide a valuable reference to the following researches about data reconstruction and model simulation in China.
引文
Adkins J F,Mc Intyre K,Schrag D P,2002.The salinity,temperature,and delta18O of the glacial deep ocean.Science,298:1769-1773.
Barker S,Cacho I,Benway H,et al,2005.Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca as a proxy for past oceanic temperatures:A methodological overview and data compilation for the Last Glacial Maximum.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:821-834.
Barrows T T,Juggins S,2005.Sea-surface temperatures around the Australian margin and Indian Ocean during the last glacial maximum.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:1017-1047.
Berger A L,1978.Long-Term Variations of Daily Insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,35(12):2362-2367.
Bigelow N H,Brubaker L B,Edwards M E,et al,2003.Climate change and Arctic ecosystems:1.Vegetation changes north of 55°N between the last lacial maximum,mid-Holocene,and present.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,108:8170.
Boyle E A,1992.Cadmium and delta13C paleochemical ocean distributions during the stage 2 glacial maximum.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,20:245-287.
Braconnot P,Otto Bliesner B L,Kitoh A,et al,2006.Coupled simulations of the mid Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum:New results from PMIP2.Clim Past Discuss,2:1293-1346.
Brady E C,Otto Bliesner B L,Kay J E,et al,2013.Sensitivity to glacial Forcing in the CCSM4.Journal of Climate,26:1901-1925.
Broecker W S,Peteet D M,Rind D,1985.Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?Nature,315:21-26.
Chen M T,Huang C C,Pflaumann U,et al,2005.Estimating glacial western Pacific sea-surface temperature:methodological overview and data compilation of surface sediment planktic foraminifer faunas.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:1049-1062.
Clark P U,Alley R B,Pollard D,1999.Northern hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change.Science,286:1104-1111.
Clark P U,Dyke A S,Shakun J D,et al,2009.The Last Glacial Maximum.Science,325(5941):710-714.
CLIMAP,1981.Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum.Geological Society of America,Map and Chart Series,C36.
Cuffey K M,Clow G D,1997.Temperature,accumulation,and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(C12):26383-26396.
Curry W B,Oppo D W,2005.Glacial water mass geometry and the distribution ofδ13C of CO2 in the western Atlantic Ocean.Paleoceanography,20:PA1017.
Dahl Jensen D,Mosegaard K,Gundestrup N,et al,1998.Past temperature directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet.Science,282:268-271.
de Vernal,Eynaud A F,Henry M,2005.Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM)based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:897-924.
de Vernal A,Pedersen T F,1997.Micropaleontology and palynology of core PAR87A-10:a 23,000-year record of paleoenvironmental changes in the Gulf of Alaska,northeast North Pacific.Paleoceanography,12:821-830.
Deser C,Capotondi A,Saravanan R,et al,2006.Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3.J.Climate,19:2451-2481
Dezileau L,Bareille G,Reyss J L,et al,2000.Evidence for strong sediment redistribution by bottom currents along the southeast Indian Ridge.Deep sea ResearchⅠ,47:1899-1936.
Duplessy J C,Shackleton N J,Fairbanks R G,et al,1988.Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation.Paleoceanography,3:343-360.
Fischer G,Wefer G,1999.Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography:Examples from the South Atlantic.Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,available at:http://books.google.de/books?id=e8l Ioky IG7g C.
Fleming K,Johnston P,Zwartz D,et al,1998.Refining the eustatic sealevel curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far-andintermediate-field sites.Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters,163:327-342.
Gent P R,Large W G,Bryan F O,2001.What sets the mean transport through the Drake Passage?Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,106:2693-2712.
Genthon G,Barnola J M,Raynaud D,et al,1987.Vostok ice core:climatic response to CO2 and orbital forcing changes over the last climatic cycle.Nature,329(6138):414-418.
Gersonde R,Crosta X,Abelmann A,et al,2005.Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum-A circum Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:869-896.
He F,2011.Simulating Transient Climate Evolution of the Last Deglaciation with CCSM3.Ph D thesis Univ Wisconsin-Madison.
Herbert T D,Yasuda M,Burnett C,1995.Glacial-interglacial sea-surface temperature record inferred from alkenone indices,Site 893,Santa Barbara Basin.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,146(pt.2):257-264.
Hewitt C D,Mitchell J F B,1997.Radiative forcing and response of a GCM to ice age boundary conditions:Cloud feedback and climate sensitivity.Climate Dynamics,13:821-834.
Hewitt C D,Stouffer R,Broccoli A,et al,2003.The effect of ocean dynamics in a coupled GCM simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum.Climate Dynamics,20:203-218.
Hogg A M,2010.An Antarctic Circumpolar Current driven by surface buoyancy forcing.Geophysical Research Letters,37:L23601.
Jiang Dabang,Yu Ge,Zhao Ping,et al,2015.Paleoclimate Modeling in China:A Review.Advances in atmospheric sciences,32:250-275.
Keeling R F,Stephens B B,2001.Antarctic sea ice and the control of Pleistocene climate instability.Paleoceanography,16:112-131.
Keigwin L D,1998.Glacial-age hydrography of the far northwest Pacific Ocean.Paleoceanography,13:323-339.
Kim S J,2004.A coupled model simulation of ocean thermohaline properties of the Last Glacial Maximum.Atmos.Ocean,42:213-220.
Kitoh A,Murakami S,Koide H,2001.A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM.Geophysical Research Letters,28:2221-2224.
Kohfeld K E,Graham R M,de Boer A M,et al,2013.Southern Hemisphere westerly wind changes during the Last Glacial Maximum:paleo-data synthesis.Quaternary Science Reviews,68:76-95.
Kucera M,Weinelt M,Kiefer T,et al,2005.Reconstruction of sea-surface temperatures from assemblages of planktonic foraminifera:multitechnique approach based on geographically constrained calibration data sets and its application to glacial Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:951-998.
Kurahashi T,Losch M,Paul A,2014.Can sparse proxy data constrain the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.Geoscientific Model Development Discussions,7:419-432.
Le Grand P Wunsch C,1995.Constraints from paleotracer data on the North Atlantic circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum.Paleoceanography,10:1011-1045.
Liu Z,Alexander M,2007.Atmospheric bridge,oceanic tunnel,and global climatic teleconnections.Reviews of Geophysics,45:RG2005.
Lea D W,Boyle E A,1990.Foraminiferal reconstruction of barium distributions in water masses of the glacial oceans.Paleoceanography,5:712-742.
Liu Z,Shin S,Otto Bliesner B L,et al,2002.Tropical cooling at the last glacial maximum and extratropical ocean ventilation.Geophysical Research Letters,29(10):1409.
Lynch Stieglitz J,Curry W B,Oppo D W,et al,2006.Meridional overturning circulation in the South Atlantic at the last glacial maximum.Geochem Geophy Geosys,7:Q10N03.
Lynch Stieglitz J,Curry W B,Slowey N,1999a.A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida Current from the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera.Paleoceanography,14:360-373.
Lynch Stieglitz J,Curry W B,Slowey N,1999b.Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum.Nature,402:644-648,doi:10.1038/45204.
Manighetti B,Mc Cave I N,1995.Late Glacial and Holocene palaeocurrents around Rockall Bank,NE Atlantic Ocean.Paleoceanography,10:611-626.
Marchitto T M,Broecker W S,2006.Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean:A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q12003.
Marchitto T M Jr,Oppo D W,Curry W B,2002.Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic.Paleoceanography,17(3):10.
MARGO Project Members,2009.Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the last glacial maximum.Nat Geosci,2:127-132.
Matsumoto K,Lynch Stieglitz J,Anderson R F,2001.Similar glacial and Holocene southern ocean hydrography.Paleoceanography,16:445-454.
Mc Cave I N,Crowhurst S C,Hillenbrand C D,et al,2012.Constant Flow Speed of the ACC through Drake Passage Between Glacial Maximum and Holocene.European Geophysical Union,Vienna,Austria,pp.EGU2012-9842
Mc Cave I N,Hall I R,2006.Size sorting in marine muds:Processes,pitfalls,and prospects for paleoflow-speed proxies.Geochem Geophy Geosys,7(10):Q10N05.
Mc Cave I N,Manighetti B,Beveridge N A S,1995.Circulation in the glacial North Atlantic inferred from grain-size measurements.Nature,374:149-152.
Mc Manus J F,Francois R,Gherardi J M,et al,2004.Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes.Nature,428:834-837.
Milankovitch M,1941.Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine An Indung auf das Eiszeitenproblem.Belgrade,Serbia:Royal Serbian Academy Special Publication 132.
Mix A,Bard E,Schneider R,2001.Environmental processes of the ice age:land,oceans,glaciers(EPILOG).Quaternary Science Reviews,20:627-657.
Noble T L,2012.Greater supply of Patagonian-sourced detritus and transport by the ACC to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,317-318:374-385.
Otto Bliesner B L,Brady E C,Clauzet G,2006.Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Climate in CCSM3.Journal of Climate,19(11):2526-2544.
Ortiz J,Mix A,Hostetler S,et al,1997.The California Current of the last glacial maximum:reconstruction at 42°N based on multiple proxies.Paleoceanography,12:191-206.
Otto Bliesner B L,Hewitt C D,Marchitto T M,2007:Last Glacial Maximum ocean thermohaline circulation:PMIP2 model intercomparisons and data constraints.Geophysical Research Letters,34(12):L12706.
Otto Bliesner B L,Ralph Schneider,Brady E C,et al,2009.A comparison of PMIP2 model simulations and the MARGO proxy reconstruction for tropical sea surface temperatures at last glacial maximum.Climate Dynamics,32:799-815.
Peltier W R,1994.Ice age paleotopography.Science,265:195-201.
Peltier W R,1998a."Implicit ice"in the global theory of glacial isostatic adjustment.Geophysical Research Letters,25:3955-3958.
Peltier W R,1998b.Postglacial variations in the level of the sea:implications for climate dynamics and solid-earth geophysics.Reviews of Geophysics,36:603-689.
Peltier W R,2004.Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth:The ICE-5G(VM2)model and GRACE.Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,32(1):111-149.
Peltier W R,Solheim L P,2004.The climate of the Earth at Last Glacial Maximum:Statistical equilibrium state and a mode of internal variability.Quaternary Science Reviews,23:335-357.
Pisias N G,Shackleton N J,1984.Modelling the global climate response to orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes.Nature,310(5980):757-759.
Pudsey C J,Howe J A,1998.Quaternary history of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current:evidence from the Scotia Sea.Marine Geology,148:83-112.
Rosell Mele A,Bard E,Emeis K C,et al,2004.Sea surface temperature anomalies in the oceans at the LGM estimated from the alkenoneindex:comparison with GCMs.Geophysical Research Letters,31:L03208.
Sarnthein M,Pflaumann U,Weinelt M,2003.Past extent of sea ice in the northern North Atlantic inferred from foraminiferal paleotemperature estimates.Paleoceanography,18:1047.
Sabin A L,Pisias N G,1996.Sea surface temperature changes in the Northeastern Pacific ocean during the past 20 000 years and their relationship to climate change in Northwestern North America.Quaternary Research,46:48-61.
Shin S I,Liu Z,Otto Bliesner B L,et al,2003a.A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum Climate using the NCAR-CCSM.Climate Dynamics,20:127-151.
Shin S I,Liu Z,Otto Bliesner B L,et al,2003b.Southern Ocean sea-ice control of the glacial North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.Geophysical Research Letters,30(2):1096.
Solomon S,Dahe Q,Manning M,2007.Technical Summary,in:Climate Change 2007,Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.Press.
Stenni B,Masson Delmotte V,Johnsen S,et al,2001.An oceanic cold reversal during the last deglaciation.Science,293:2074-2077.
Talley L D,Reid J L,Robbins P E,2003.Data-based meridional overturning streamfunctions for the global ocean Journal of Climate,16:3213-3226.
Toggweiler J R,Samuels A,1995.Effect of Sea Ice on the Salinity of Antarctic Bottom Waters.Journal of Physical Oceanography,25(9):1980-1997.
Tudhope A W,Chilcott C P,Mc Culloch M T,2001.Variability in the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation through a glacial-interglacial cycle.Science,291:1511-1517.
Weber S L,Drijfhout S S,Abe-Ouchi A,et al,2007.The modern and glacial overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean in PMIP coupled model simulations.Climate of Past,3:51-64.
Yokoyama Y,Lambeck K,De Deckker,et al,2000.Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima.Nature,406:713-716.
Yu E F,Francois R,Bacon M P,1996.Similar rates of modern and lastglacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data.Nature,379:689-694.
Zahn R,Pedersen T F,Bornhold B D,et al,1991.Water mass conversion in the glacial subarctic Pacific(54°N,148°W):Physical constraints and the benthic-planktonic stable isotope record.Paleoceanography,6:543-560.
姜大膀,王会军,郎咸梅,2002.末次盛冰期气候模拟及青藏高原冰盖的可能影响.第四纪研究,22(4):312-322.
姜大膀,王会军,郎咸梅,2004.关于末次盛冰期青藏高原大范围冰盖存在可能性的再研究.大气科学,28(1):1-6
刘东升,张新时,熊尚发,等,1999.青藏高原冰期环境与冰期全球降温.第四纪研究,(5):385-396.
施雅风,郑本兴,姚檀栋,1997.青藏高原末次盛冰期最盛时的冰川与环境.冰川冻土,19(2):97-113.
燕青,张仲石,王会军,等,2011.上新世中期海洋表面温度变化及其与古气候重建数据对比.科学通报,56(6):423-432.
张春玲,许建平,2014.基于Argo观测的太平洋温、盐度分布与变化(Ⅰ):温度.海洋通报,33(6):647-658.
张冉,姜大膀,田芝平,2013.中上新世是否存在“永久厄尔尼诺”状态---一个耦合模式结果.第四纪研究,33(6):1130-1137.
Barker S,Cacho I,Benway H,et al,2005.Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca as a proxy for past oceanic temperatures:A methodological overview and data compilation for the Last Glacial Maximum.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:821-834.
Barrows T T,Juggins S,2005.Sea-surface temperatures around the Australian margin and Indian Ocean during the last glacial maximum.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:1017-1047.
Berger A L,1978.Long-Term Variations of Daily Insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,35(12):2362-2367.
Bigelow N H,Brubaker L B,Edwards M E,et al,2003.Climate change and Arctic ecosystems:1.Vegetation changes north of 55°N between the last lacial maximum,mid-Holocene,and present.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,108:8170.
Boyle E A,1992.Cadmium and delta13C paleochemical ocean distributions during the stage 2 glacial maximum.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,20:245-287.
Braconnot P,Otto Bliesner B L,Kitoh A,et al,2006.Coupled simulations of the mid Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum:New results from PMIP2.Clim Past Discuss,2:1293-1346.
Brady E C,Otto Bliesner B L,Kay J E,et al,2013.Sensitivity to glacial Forcing in the CCSM4.Journal of Climate,26:1901-1925.
Broecker W S,Peteet D M,Rind D,1985.Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?Nature,315:21-26.
Chen M T,Huang C C,Pflaumann U,et al,2005.Estimating glacial western Pacific sea-surface temperature:methodological overview and data compilation of surface sediment planktic foraminifer faunas.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:1049-1062.
Clark P U,Alley R B,Pollard D,1999.Northern hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change.Science,286:1104-1111.
Clark P U,Dyke A S,Shakun J D,et al,2009.The Last Glacial Maximum.Science,325(5941):710-714.
CLIMAP,1981.Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum.Geological Society of America,Map and Chart Series,C36.
Cuffey K M,Clow G D,1997.Temperature,accumulation,and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(C12):26383-26396.
Curry W B,Oppo D W,2005.Glacial water mass geometry and the distribution ofδ13C of CO2 in the western Atlantic Ocean.Paleoceanography,20:PA1017.
Dahl Jensen D,Mosegaard K,Gundestrup N,et al,1998.Past temperature directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet.Science,282:268-271.
de Vernal,Eynaud A F,Henry M,2005.Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM)based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:897-924.
de Vernal A,Pedersen T F,1997.Micropaleontology and palynology of core PAR87A-10:a 23,000-year record of paleoenvironmental changes in the Gulf of Alaska,northeast North Pacific.Paleoceanography,12:821-830.
Deser C,Capotondi A,Saravanan R,et al,2006.Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3.J.Climate,19:2451-2481
Dezileau L,Bareille G,Reyss J L,et al,2000.Evidence for strong sediment redistribution by bottom currents along the southeast Indian Ridge.Deep sea ResearchⅠ,47:1899-1936.
Duplessy J C,Shackleton N J,Fairbanks R G,et al,1988.Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation.Paleoceanography,3:343-360.
Fischer G,Wefer G,1999.Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography:Examples from the South Atlantic.Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,available at:http://books.google.de/books?id=e8l Ioky IG7g C.
Fleming K,Johnston P,Zwartz D,et al,1998.Refining the eustatic sealevel curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far-andintermediate-field sites.Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters,163:327-342.
Gent P R,Large W G,Bryan F O,2001.What sets the mean transport through the Drake Passage?Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,106:2693-2712.
Genthon G,Barnola J M,Raynaud D,et al,1987.Vostok ice core:climatic response to CO2 and orbital forcing changes over the last climatic cycle.Nature,329(6138):414-418.
Gersonde R,Crosta X,Abelmann A,et al,2005.Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum-A circum Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:869-896.
He F,2011.Simulating Transient Climate Evolution of the Last Deglaciation with CCSM3.Ph D thesis Univ Wisconsin-Madison.
Herbert T D,Yasuda M,Burnett C,1995.Glacial-interglacial sea-surface temperature record inferred from alkenone indices,Site 893,Santa Barbara Basin.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,146(pt.2):257-264.
Hewitt C D,Mitchell J F B,1997.Radiative forcing and response of a GCM to ice age boundary conditions:Cloud feedback and climate sensitivity.Climate Dynamics,13:821-834.
Hewitt C D,Stouffer R,Broccoli A,et al,2003.The effect of ocean dynamics in a coupled GCM simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum.Climate Dynamics,20:203-218.
Hogg A M,2010.An Antarctic Circumpolar Current driven by surface buoyancy forcing.Geophysical Research Letters,37:L23601.
Jiang Dabang,Yu Ge,Zhao Ping,et al,2015.Paleoclimate Modeling in China:A Review.Advances in atmospheric sciences,32:250-275.
Keeling R F,Stephens B B,2001.Antarctic sea ice and the control of Pleistocene climate instability.Paleoceanography,16:112-131.
Keigwin L D,1998.Glacial-age hydrography of the far northwest Pacific Ocean.Paleoceanography,13:323-339.
Kim S J,2004.A coupled model simulation of ocean thermohaline properties of the Last Glacial Maximum.Atmos.Ocean,42:213-220.
Kitoh A,Murakami S,Koide H,2001.A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM.Geophysical Research Letters,28:2221-2224.
Kohfeld K E,Graham R M,de Boer A M,et al,2013.Southern Hemisphere westerly wind changes during the Last Glacial Maximum:paleo-data synthesis.Quaternary Science Reviews,68:76-95.
Kucera M,Weinelt M,Kiefer T,et al,2005.Reconstruction of sea-surface temperatures from assemblages of planktonic foraminifera:multitechnique approach based on geographically constrained calibration data sets and its application to glacial Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Quaternary Science Reviews,24:951-998.
Kurahashi T,Losch M,Paul A,2014.Can sparse proxy data constrain the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.Geoscientific Model Development Discussions,7:419-432.
Le Grand P Wunsch C,1995.Constraints from paleotracer data on the North Atlantic circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum.Paleoceanography,10:1011-1045.
Liu Z,Alexander M,2007.Atmospheric bridge,oceanic tunnel,and global climatic teleconnections.Reviews of Geophysics,45:RG2005.
Lea D W,Boyle E A,1990.Foraminiferal reconstruction of barium distributions in water masses of the glacial oceans.Paleoceanography,5:712-742.
Liu Z,Shin S,Otto Bliesner B L,et al,2002.Tropical cooling at the last glacial maximum and extratropical ocean ventilation.Geophysical Research Letters,29(10):1409.
Lynch Stieglitz J,Curry W B,Oppo D W,et al,2006.Meridional overturning circulation in the South Atlantic at the last glacial maximum.Geochem Geophy Geosys,7:Q10N03.
Lynch Stieglitz J,Curry W B,Slowey N,1999a.A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida Current from the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera.Paleoceanography,14:360-373.
Lynch Stieglitz J,Curry W B,Slowey N,1999b.Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum.Nature,402:644-648,doi:10.1038/45204.
Manighetti B,Mc Cave I N,1995.Late Glacial and Holocene palaeocurrents around Rockall Bank,NE Atlantic Ocean.Paleoceanography,10:611-626.
Marchitto T M,Broecker W S,2006.Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean:A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q12003.
Marchitto T M Jr,Oppo D W,Curry W B,2002.Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic.Paleoceanography,17(3):10.
MARGO Project Members,2009.Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the last glacial maximum.Nat Geosci,2:127-132.
Matsumoto K,Lynch Stieglitz J,Anderson R F,2001.Similar glacial and Holocene southern ocean hydrography.Paleoceanography,16:445-454.
Mc Cave I N,Crowhurst S C,Hillenbrand C D,et al,2012.Constant Flow Speed of the ACC through Drake Passage Between Glacial Maximum and Holocene.European Geophysical Union,Vienna,Austria,pp.EGU2012-9842
Mc Cave I N,Hall I R,2006.Size sorting in marine muds:Processes,pitfalls,and prospects for paleoflow-speed proxies.Geochem Geophy Geosys,7(10):Q10N05.
Mc Cave I N,Manighetti B,Beveridge N A S,1995.Circulation in the glacial North Atlantic inferred from grain-size measurements.Nature,374:149-152.
Mc Manus J F,Francois R,Gherardi J M,et al,2004.Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes.Nature,428:834-837.
Milankovitch M,1941.Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine An Indung auf das Eiszeitenproblem.Belgrade,Serbia:Royal Serbian Academy Special Publication 132.
Mix A,Bard E,Schneider R,2001.Environmental processes of the ice age:land,oceans,glaciers(EPILOG).Quaternary Science Reviews,20:627-657.
Noble T L,2012.Greater supply of Patagonian-sourced detritus and transport by the ACC to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,317-318:374-385.
Otto Bliesner B L,Brady E C,Clauzet G,2006.Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Climate in CCSM3.Journal of Climate,19(11):2526-2544.
Ortiz J,Mix A,Hostetler S,et al,1997.The California Current of the last glacial maximum:reconstruction at 42°N based on multiple proxies.Paleoceanography,12:191-206.
Otto Bliesner B L,Hewitt C D,Marchitto T M,2007:Last Glacial Maximum ocean thermohaline circulation:PMIP2 model intercomparisons and data constraints.Geophysical Research Letters,34(12):L12706.
Otto Bliesner B L,Ralph Schneider,Brady E C,et al,2009.A comparison of PMIP2 model simulations and the MARGO proxy reconstruction for tropical sea surface temperatures at last glacial maximum.Climate Dynamics,32:799-815.
Peltier W R,1994.Ice age paleotopography.Science,265:195-201.
Peltier W R,1998a."Implicit ice"in the global theory of glacial isostatic adjustment.Geophysical Research Letters,25:3955-3958.
Peltier W R,1998b.Postglacial variations in the level of the sea:implications for climate dynamics and solid-earth geophysics.Reviews of Geophysics,36:603-689.
Peltier W R,2004.Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth:The ICE-5G(VM2)model and GRACE.Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,32(1):111-149.
Peltier W R,Solheim L P,2004.The climate of the Earth at Last Glacial Maximum:Statistical equilibrium state and a mode of internal variability.Quaternary Science Reviews,23:335-357.
Pisias N G,Shackleton N J,1984.Modelling the global climate response to orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes.Nature,310(5980):757-759.
Pudsey C J,Howe J A,1998.Quaternary history of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current:evidence from the Scotia Sea.Marine Geology,148:83-112.
Rosell Mele A,Bard E,Emeis K C,et al,2004.Sea surface temperature anomalies in the oceans at the LGM estimated from the alkenoneindex:comparison with GCMs.Geophysical Research Letters,31:L03208.
Sarnthein M,Pflaumann U,Weinelt M,2003.Past extent of sea ice in the northern North Atlantic inferred from foraminiferal paleotemperature estimates.Paleoceanography,18:1047.
Sabin A L,Pisias N G,1996.Sea surface temperature changes in the Northeastern Pacific ocean during the past 20 000 years and their relationship to climate change in Northwestern North America.Quaternary Research,46:48-61.
Shin S I,Liu Z,Otto Bliesner B L,et al,2003a.A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum Climate using the NCAR-CCSM.Climate Dynamics,20:127-151.
Shin S I,Liu Z,Otto Bliesner B L,et al,2003b.Southern Ocean sea-ice control of the glacial North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.Geophysical Research Letters,30(2):1096.
Solomon S,Dahe Q,Manning M,2007.Technical Summary,in:Climate Change 2007,Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.Press.
Stenni B,Masson Delmotte V,Johnsen S,et al,2001.An oceanic cold reversal during the last deglaciation.Science,293:2074-2077.
Talley L D,Reid J L,Robbins P E,2003.Data-based meridional overturning streamfunctions for the global ocean Journal of Climate,16:3213-3226.
Toggweiler J R,Samuels A,1995.Effect of Sea Ice on the Salinity of Antarctic Bottom Waters.Journal of Physical Oceanography,25(9):1980-1997.
Tudhope A W,Chilcott C P,Mc Culloch M T,2001.Variability in the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation through a glacial-interglacial cycle.Science,291:1511-1517.
Weber S L,Drijfhout S S,Abe-Ouchi A,et al,2007.The modern and glacial overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean in PMIP coupled model simulations.Climate of Past,3:51-64.
Yokoyama Y,Lambeck K,De Deckker,et al,2000.Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima.Nature,406:713-716.
Yu E F,Francois R,Bacon M P,1996.Similar rates of modern and lastglacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data.Nature,379:689-694.
Zahn R,Pedersen T F,Bornhold B D,et al,1991.Water mass conversion in the glacial subarctic Pacific(54°N,148°W):Physical constraints and the benthic-planktonic stable isotope record.Paleoceanography,6:543-560.
姜大膀,王会军,郎咸梅,2002.末次盛冰期气候模拟及青藏高原冰盖的可能影响.第四纪研究,22(4):312-322.
姜大膀,王会军,郎咸梅,2004.关于末次盛冰期青藏高原大范围冰盖存在可能性的再研究.大气科学,28(1):1-6
刘东升,张新时,熊尚发,等,1999.青藏高原冰期环境与冰期全球降温.第四纪研究,(5):385-396.
施雅风,郑本兴,姚檀栋,1997.青藏高原末次盛冰期最盛时的冰川与环境.冰川冻土,19(2):97-113.
燕青,张仲石,王会军,等,2011.上新世中期海洋表面温度变化及其与古气候重建数据对比.科学通报,56(6):423-432.
张春玲,许建平,2014.基于Argo观测的太平洋温、盐度分布与变化(Ⅰ):温度.海洋通报,33(6):647-658.
张冉,姜大膀,田芝平,2013.中上新世是否存在“永久厄尔尼诺”状态---一个耦合模式结果.第四纪研究,33(6):1130-1137.