一个压力坐标海洋环流模式(PCOM1.0)的基本模拟性能评估
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摘要
参照Griffies et al.(2009)提出的海洋—海冰耦合模式参考试验(Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments,COREs),设计了一个800年积分的数值试验,对一个质量严格守恒的压力坐标海洋环流模式(Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model,PCOM1.0)的基本模拟性能进行了评估,并与观测资料和再分析资料进行了对比。结果表明,PCOM1.0模拟的温盐场和基本流场与COREs模式的模拟水平基本接近。其中,模拟的大西洋经向翻转流在45°N附近达到18 Sv(1 Sv=106 m3 s-1),与观测估计值接近;对海表面温度的模拟误差主要集中在北太平洋黑潮区和北大西洋湾流区等中高纬度急流区;模拟的热带太平洋温跃层过于深厚;模拟的经德雷克海峡的体积输送达130 Sv,比大部分COREs模式及再分析资料都更接近于观测估计值。
An 800-year integration has been carried out to evaluate the baseline performance of a mass conserved, Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model(PCOM1.0) against observational and reanalyzed data, using the main metrics of the Coordinated Ocean–ice Reference Experiments(COREs). In general, the sea water temperature, salinity, and ocean circulations simulated by PCOM1.0 are comparable with those of the COREs models. The strength of simulated Atlantic meridional overturning circulation reaches 18 Sv(1 Sv=106 m3 s-1) near 45°N, close to the estimated values based on observations. The bias for the sea surface temperature mainly derives from the major frontal zones, such as the Kuroshio area in the North Pacific Ocean and the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, PCOM1.0 systematically exhibits an overly deep thermocline compared with observations. In the Southern Ocean, the simulated volume transport through Drake Passage is about 130 Sv, closer to observations than results from most of the COREs models and the reanalyzed data.
An 800-year integration has been carried out to evaluate the baseline performance of a mass conserved, Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model(PCOM1.0) against observational and reanalyzed data, using the main metrics of the Coordinated Ocean–ice Reference Experiments(COREs). In general, the sea water temperature, salinity, and ocean circulations simulated by PCOM1.0 are comparable with those of the COREs models. The strength of simulated Atlantic meridional overturning circulation reaches 18 Sv(1 Sv=106 m3 s-1) near 45°N, close to the estimated values based on observations. The bias for the sea surface temperature mainly derives from the major frontal zones, such as the Kuroshio area in the North Pacific Ocean and the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, PCOM1.0 systematically exhibits an overly deep thermocline compared with observations. In the Southern Ocean, the simulated volume transport through Drake Passage is about 130 Sv, closer to observations than results from most of the COREs models and the reanalyzed data.
引文
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Bleck R.2002.An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates[J].Ocean Modelling,4(1):55-88,doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9.
Bryan K.1969.A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean[J].J.Comput.Phys.,4(3):347-376,doi:10.1016/0021-9991(69)90004-7.
Bryan K,Cox M D.1967.A numerical investigation of the oceanic general circulation[J].Tellus,19(1):54-80,doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01459.x.
Carton J A,Giese B S.2008.A reanalysis of ocean climate using simple ocean data assimilation(SODA)[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,136(8):2999-3017doi:10.1175/2007MWR1978.1.
Cunningham S A,Alderson S G,King B A,et al.2003.Transport and variability of the Antarctic circumpolar current in Drake Passage[J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(C5):8084,doi:10.1029/2001JC001147.
England M H.1995.The age of water and ventilation timescales in a global ocean model[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,25(11):2756-2777,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<2756:TAOWAV>2.0.CO;2.
Ganachaud A.2003.Large-scale mass transports,water mass formation,and diffusivities estimated from world ocean circulation experiment(WOCE)hydrographic data[J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(C7),doi:10.1029/2002JC001565.
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Griffies S M,Biastoch A,B?ning C,et al.2009.Coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments(COREs)[J].Ocean Modelling,26(1-2):1-46doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.08.007.
Hallberg R,Gnanadesikan A.2006.The role of eddies in determining the structure and response of the wind-driven Southern Hemisphere overturning:Results from the modeling eddies in the Southern Ocean(MESO)project[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,36(12):2232-2252,doi:10.1175/JPO2980.1.
Hazeleger W,Severijns C,Haarsma R,et al.2003.SPEEDO:Model description and validation of a flexible coupled model for climate studies[R].Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute-Technical Report R257.
Huang R X.1993.Real freshwater flux as a natural boundary condition for the salinity balance and thermohaline circulation forced by evaporation and precipitation[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,23(11):2428-2446,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<2428:RFFAAN>2.0.CO;2.
Huang R X,Jin X Z,Zhang X H.2001.An oceanic general circulation model in pressure coordinates[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,18(1):1-22,doi:10.1007/s00376-001-0001-9.
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al.1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,77(3):437-471,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.
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Latif M,Anderson D,Barnett T,et al.1998.A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO[J].J.Geophys.Res.,103(C7):14375-14393doi:10.1029/97JC03413.
Liu H L,Zhang X H,Li W,et al.2004.An eddy-permitting oceanic general circulation model and its preliminary evaluation[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,21(5):675-690,doi:10.1007/BF02916365.
Liu H L,Lin P F,Yu Y Q,et al.2012.The baseline evaluation of LASG/IAPclimate system ocean model(LICOM)version 2[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,26(3):318-329,doi:10.1007/s13351-012-0305-y.
Locarnini R A,Mishonov A V,Antonov J I,et al.2010.World Ocean Atlas2009,vol.1:Temperature[M]//NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68.Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office.
Lumpkin R,Speer K G,Koltermann K P.2008.Transport across 48°N in the Atlantic Ocean[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,38(4):733-752,doi:10.1175/2007JPO3636.1.
Madec G,Delecluse P,et Claire Lévy M I.1999.OPA 8.1 ocean general circulation model reference manual[R].Laboratoire d'Océanographie DYnamique et de Climatologie,Tech.Rep.
Marsland S J,Haak H,Jungclaus J H,et al.2003.The max-planck-institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates[J].Ocean Modelling,5(2):91-127,doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00015-X.
Meehl G A,Gent P R,Arblaster J M,et al.2001.Factors that affect the amplitude of El Nino in global coupled climate models[J].Climate Dyn.,17(7):515-526,doi:10.1007/PL00007929.
Pacanowski R C,Philander S G H.1981.Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,11(11):1443-1451,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1443:POVMIN>2.0CO;2.
Smith R,Gent P.2002.Reference manual for the parallel ocean program(POP)[R].Los Alamos Unclassified Report,LAUR-02-2484.
Whitworth T III,Peterson R G.1985.Volume transport of the Antarctic circumpolar current from bottom pressure measurements[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,15(6):810-816,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0810:VTOTAC>2.0.CO;2.
Yu L,Weller R A.2007.Objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans(1981-2005)[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,88(4):527-539,doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527.
曾庆存,张学洪.1987.球面上斜压原始方程组保持总有效能量守恒的差分格式[J].大气科学,11(2):113-127.Zeng Qingcun,Zhang Xuehong.1987.Available energy conserving schemes for primitive equations on spherical baroclinic atmosphere[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese).11(2):113-127.
张学洪,李薇,金向泽,等.2002.压力坐标海洋环流模式的发展和应用前景[J].自然科学进展,12(10):1015-1020.Zhang Xuehong,Li Wei,Jin Xiangze,et al.2002.Prospect of the development and application of the pressure coordinate ocean models[J].Progress in Natural Science(in Chinese),12(10):1015-1020.
张宇.2013.质量能量守恒的大洋环流模式及大洋环流中的能量平衡[D].中国科学院大气物理研究所博士学位论文,151pp.Zhang Yu.2013.Oceanic general circulation model based on mass and energy conservation and the balance of energy in the oceanic general circulation[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,151pp.
Zhang Y,Lin Y H,Huang R X.2014.A climatic dataset of ocean vertical turbulent mixing coefficient based on real energy sources[J].Science China Earth Sciences,57(10):2435-2446,doi:10.1007/s11430-014-4904-6.
Bleck R.2002.An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates[J].Ocean Modelling,4(1):55-88,doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9.
Bryan K.1969.A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean[J].J.Comput.Phys.,4(3):347-376,doi:10.1016/0021-9991(69)90004-7.
Bryan K,Cox M D.1967.A numerical investigation of the oceanic general circulation[J].Tellus,19(1):54-80,doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01459.x.
Carton J A,Giese B S.2008.A reanalysis of ocean climate using simple ocean data assimilation(SODA)[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,136(8):2999-3017doi:10.1175/2007MWR1978.1.
Cunningham S A,Alderson S G,King B A,et al.2003.Transport and variability of the Antarctic circumpolar current in Drake Passage[J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(C5):8084,doi:10.1029/2001JC001147.
England M H.1995.The age of water and ventilation timescales in a global ocean model[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,25(11):2756-2777,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<2756:TAOWAV>2.0.CO;2.
Ganachaud A.2003.Large-scale mass transports,water mass formation,and diffusivities estimated from world ocean circulation experiment(WOCE)hydrographic data[J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(C7),doi:10.1029/2002JC001565.
Griffies S M.2012.Elements of the modular ocean model(MOM)[R].NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Tech.Rep.,No.7.
Griffies S M,Harrison M J,Pacanowski R C,et al.2004.A technical guide to MOM4[R].NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Tech.Rep.,No.5.
Griffies S M,Biastoch A,B?ning C,et al.2009.Coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments(COREs)[J].Ocean Modelling,26(1-2):1-46doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.08.007.
Hallberg R,Gnanadesikan A.2006.The role of eddies in determining the structure and response of the wind-driven Southern Hemisphere overturning:Results from the modeling eddies in the Southern Ocean(MESO)project[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,36(12):2232-2252,doi:10.1175/JPO2980.1.
Hazeleger W,Severijns C,Haarsma R,et al.2003.SPEEDO:Model description and validation of a flexible coupled model for climate studies[R].Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute-Technical Report R257.
Huang R X.1993.Real freshwater flux as a natural boundary condition for the salinity balance and thermohaline circulation forced by evaporation and precipitation[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,23(11):2428-2446,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<2428:RFFAAN>2.0.CO;2.
Huang R X,Jin X Z,Zhang X H.2001.An oceanic general circulation model in pressure coordinates[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,18(1):1-22,doi:10.1007/s00376-001-0001-9.
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al.1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,77(3):437-471,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.
Large W G,McW illiams J C,Doney S C.1994.Oceanic vertical mixing:Areview and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization[J]Rev.Geophys.,32(4):363-403,doi:10.1029/94RG01872.
Large W G,Yeager S G.2004.Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models:The data sets and flux climatologies[R].TN-460+STR,National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Latif M,Anderson D,Barnett T,et al.1998.A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO[J].J.Geophys.Res.,103(C7):14375-14393doi:10.1029/97JC03413.
Liu H L,Zhang X H,Li W,et al.2004.An eddy-permitting oceanic general circulation model and its preliminary evaluation[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,21(5):675-690,doi:10.1007/BF02916365.
Liu H L,Lin P F,Yu Y Q,et al.2012.The baseline evaluation of LASG/IAPclimate system ocean model(LICOM)version 2[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,26(3):318-329,doi:10.1007/s13351-012-0305-y.
Locarnini R A,Mishonov A V,Antonov J I,et al.2010.World Ocean Atlas2009,vol.1:Temperature[M]//NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68.Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office.
Lumpkin R,Speer K G,Koltermann K P.2008.Transport across 48°N in the Atlantic Ocean[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,38(4):733-752,doi:10.1175/2007JPO3636.1.
Madec G,Delecluse P,et Claire Lévy M I.1999.OPA 8.1 ocean general circulation model reference manual[R].Laboratoire d'Océanographie DYnamique et de Climatologie,Tech.Rep.
Marsland S J,Haak H,Jungclaus J H,et al.2003.The max-planck-institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates[J].Ocean Modelling,5(2):91-127,doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00015-X.
Meehl G A,Gent P R,Arblaster J M,et al.2001.Factors that affect the amplitude of El Nino in global coupled climate models[J].Climate Dyn.,17(7):515-526,doi:10.1007/PL00007929.
Pacanowski R C,Philander S G H.1981.Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,11(11):1443-1451,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1443:POVMIN>2.0CO;2.
Smith R,Gent P.2002.Reference manual for the parallel ocean program(POP)[R].Los Alamos Unclassified Report,LAUR-02-2484.
Whitworth T III,Peterson R G.1985.Volume transport of the Antarctic circumpolar current from bottom pressure measurements[J].J.Phys.Oceanogr.,15(6):810-816,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0810:VTOTAC>2.0.CO;2.
Yu L,Weller R A.2007.Objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans(1981-2005)[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,88(4):527-539,doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527.
曾庆存,张学洪.1987.球面上斜压原始方程组保持总有效能量守恒的差分格式[J].大气科学,11(2):113-127.Zeng Qingcun,Zhang Xuehong.1987.Available energy conserving schemes for primitive equations on spherical baroclinic atmosphere[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese).11(2):113-127.
张学洪,李薇,金向泽,等.2002.压力坐标海洋环流模式的发展和应用前景[J].自然科学进展,12(10):1015-1020.Zhang Xuehong,Li Wei,Jin Xiangze,et al.2002.Prospect of the development and application of the pressure coordinate ocean models[J].Progress in Natural Science(in Chinese),12(10):1015-1020.
张宇.2013.质量能量守恒的大洋环流模式及大洋环流中的能量平衡[D].中国科学院大气物理研究所博士学位论文,151pp.Zhang Yu.2013.Oceanic general circulation model based on mass and energy conservation and the balance of energy in the oceanic general circulation[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,151pp.
Zhang Y,Lin Y H,Huang R X.2014.A climatic dataset of ocean vertical turbulent mixing coefficient based on real energy sources[J].Science China Earth Sciences,57(10):2435-2446,doi:10.1007/s11430-014-4904-6.