同感等于镜像化吗?——镜像神经元与现象学的理论兼容性及其争议
|
摘要
镜像神经元的发现在现象学内部激起了一种新的自然主义方法论,这种方法论深化了交互主体性学说。镜像神经元活动产生了具身模拟,从而在主体间实现了意向性的感知运动的交互共鸣,这似乎与现象学传统对同感的描述有共通之处。然而,镜像神经元与现象学理论在交融互惠后也出现了明显的裂隙。当然,这并不意味着完全否认镜像神经元与现象学同感理论的兼容性——二者均挑战了这样的观点,即对他心进行理论性、反思性的元表征路径是同感的基本路径。鉴于此,对二者关系的考辨仍有赖于对未来神经科学实验与现象学洞见之间持续深入的反思。
引文
Borg,E.,2013,“More Questions for Mirror Neurons”,in Consciousness and Cognition 22(3).
Carrillo,M.,Han,Y.,Migliorati,F.,Liu,M.,Gazzola,V.&Keysers,C.,2019,“Emotional Mirror Neurons in the Rat's Anterior Cingulate Cortex”,in Current Biology 29(8).
de Preester,H.,2008,“From Ego to Alter Ego:Husserl,Merleau-Ponty and a Layered Approach to Intersubjectivity”,in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 7(1).
de Waal,F.B.M.,2012,“A Bottom-up View of Empathy”,in F.B.M.de Waal&P.F.Ferrari(eds.),The Primate Mind:Built to Connect with 0ther Minds,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Ferrari,P.F.&Rizzolatti,G.,2014,“Mirror Neuron Research:The Past and the Future”,in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 369(1644).
Gallese,V.,2003,“The Roots of Empathy:The Shared Manifold Hypothesis and the Neural Basis of Intersubjectivity”,in Psychopathology36(4).2005,“Embodied Simulation:From Neurons to Phenomenal Experience”,in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 4(1).2007a,“Before and Below‘Theory of Mind’:Embodied Simulation and the Neural Correlates of Social Cognition”,in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 362(1480).2007b,“Embodied Simulation:From Mirror Neuron Systems to Interpersonal Relations”,in Novartis Foundation Symposium 278.2009,“Mirror Neurons,Embodied Simulation,and the Neural Basis of Social Identification”,in Psychoanalytic Dialogues 19.2010,“Embodied Simulation and Its Role in Intersubjectivity”,in T.Fuchs,H.C.Sattel&P.Henningsen(eds.),The Embodied Self:Dimensions,Coherence and Disorders,Stuttgart:Schattauer.2011,“Neuroscience and Phenomenology”,in Phenomenology&Mind 1.2016,“Finding the Body in the Brain:From Simulation Theory to Embodied Simulation”,in B.P.McL aughlin&H.Kornblith(eds.),Goldman and His Critics,New York:Wiley Blackwell.2018,“The Problem of Images:A View from the Brain-body”,in Phenomenology&Mind 14.
Gallese,V.,Fadiga,L.,Fogassi,L.&Rizzolatti,G.,1996,“Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex”,in Brain 119(2).
Gurwitsch,A.,1941,“A Non-egological Conception of Consciousness”,in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research l(3).
Hamilton,A.F.de C.,2013,“The Mirror Neuron System Contributes to Social Responding”,in Cortex 49(10).
Husserl,E.,1960,Cartesian Meditations,trans.by D.Cairns,The Hague:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.1983,Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy:First Book,trans.by F.Kersten,Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.2006,The Basic Problems of Phenomenology:From the Lectures,Winter Semester(1910-1911),trans.by I.Farin&J.G.Hart,Dordrecht:Springer.
Keysers,C.,2011,Empathic Brain:How the Discovery of Mirror Neurons Changes Our Understanding of Human Nature,Lexington,KY:Social Brain Press.
Keysers,C.,Kohler,E.,Umiltà,M.A.,Nanetti,L.,Fogassi,L.&Gallese,V.,2003,“Audiovisual Mirror Neurons and Action Recognition”,in Experimental Brain Research 153(4).
Lohmar,D.,2006,“Mirror Neurons and the Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity”,in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 5(1).
Merleau-Ponty,M.,1962,Phenomenology of Perception,trans.by C.Smith,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul.
Mireault,G.,Poutre,M.,Sargent-Hier,M.,Dias,C.,Perdue,B.&Myrick,A.,2012,“Humour Perception and Creation Between Parents and 3-to 6-month-old Infants”,in Infant and Child Development 21.
Mukamel,R.,Ekstrom,A.D.,Kaplan,J.,Iacoboni,M.&Fried,I.,2010,“Single-neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions”,in Current Biology 20(8).
Petit,J.-L.,1999,“Constitution by Movement:Husserl in Light of Recent Neurobiological Findings”,in J.Petitot,F.Varela,B.Pachoud&J.-M.Roy(eds.),Naturalizing Phenomenology:Issues in Contemporary Phenomenology and Cognitive Science,Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
Reddy,V.,Markova,G.&Wallot,S.,2013,“Anticipatory Adjustments to Being Picked up in Infancy”,in PLos One 8(6).
Rizzolatti,G.&Craighero,L.,2004,“The Mirror-neuron System”,in Annual Review of Neuroscience 27.
Schilbach,L.,Timmermans,B.,Reddy,V.,Costall,A.,Bente,G.,Schlicht,T.&Vogeley,K.,2014,“Toward a Second-person Neuroscience”,in Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36(4).
Singer,T.,Seymour,B.,O'Doherty,J.,Kaube,H.,Dolan,R.J.&Frith,C.D.,2004,“Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not the Sensory Components of Pain”,in Science 303(5661).
Smith,A.,2002,The Theory of Moral Sentiments,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Spaulding,S.,2013,“Mirror Neurons and Social Cognition”,in Mind&Language 28(2).
Stein,E.,1989,On the Problem of Empathy,trans.by W.Stein,Washington,DC:ICS Publications.
Uithol,S.,van Rooij,I.,Bekkering,H.&Haselager,P.,2011,“What do Mirror Neurons Mirror?”,in Philosophical Psychology 24(5).
Uzgiris,I.C.,1981,“Two Functions of Imitation during Infancy”,in International Journal of Behavioral Development 4(1).
Wicker,B.,Keysers,C.,Plailly,J.,Royet,J.P.,Gallese,V.&Rizzolatti,G.,2003,“Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula:The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling Disgust”,in Neuron 40(3).
Williams,J.H.G.,2013,“The Mirror or Portrait Neuron System-time for a More Organic Model of Action-coding?”,in Cortex 49(10).
Zahavi,D.,2012,“Empathy and Mirroring:Husserl and Gallese”,in R.Breeur&U.Melle(eds.),Life,Subjectivity&Art:Essays in Honor of Rudolf Bernet,Dordrecht:Springer.2015,Self and Other:Exploring Subjectivity,Empathy,and Shame,Oxford:Oxford University Press.
(1)由于实验伦理与认知神经科学技术的局限性,迄今只有一项研究提供了镜像神经元存在于人脑中的直接证据。(cf.Mukamel et al.,pp.750-756)除此之外,人脑中存在镜像神经元的设想,要么来自脑成像研究中发现具有镜像属性脑区的间接证据,要么来自种系发生学意义上鸣禽、老鼠与非人灵长类动物脑中存在镜像神经元的推断。(cf.Carrillo et al.,pp.1301-1312)
(2)“被动综合”指我们不是一块对预先给定的世界作出反思性回应的惰性白板,而是始终在交互主体性意义上卷入与其他有意识的、处于情境中的存在的互动之中。这些存在凸显的程度取决于我对他人的关注程度。
(3)事实上,加莱塞在一些场合也明确承认对具身模拟重要性的强调并不排除仍然需要更为精密的心智化(mentalzing)技能,并且这二者并不排斥。
(4)娃娃的右侧是同感。同感是在主体中诱导出一种类似于观察对象的情绪状态,其核心是感知-运动机制。娃娃的外层(如同情关心和观点采择),建立在这种先天社会情感基础上。共享同一个感知-运动机制。娃娃的模仿侧(左)从运动无意识模仿开始,接着是协调、共享目标、仿真和真模仿。尽管娃娃的外层依赖于学习和前额叶的功能,但它们仍然从根本上与娃娃的内核相连。(cf.de Waal,p.135)
Carrillo,M.,Han,Y.,Migliorati,F.,Liu,M.,Gazzola,V.&Keysers,C.,2019,“Emotional Mirror Neurons in the Rat's Anterior Cingulate Cortex”,in Current Biology 29(8).
de Preester,H.,2008,“From Ego to Alter Ego:Husserl,Merleau-Ponty and a Layered Approach to Intersubjectivity”,in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 7(1).
de Waal,F.B.M.,2012,“A Bottom-up View of Empathy”,in F.B.M.de Waal&P.F.Ferrari(eds.),The Primate Mind:Built to Connect with 0ther Minds,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Ferrari,P.F.&Rizzolatti,G.,2014,“Mirror Neuron Research:The Past and the Future”,in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 369(1644).
Gallese,V.,2003,“The Roots of Empathy:The Shared Manifold Hypothesis and the Neural Basis of Intersubjectivity”,in Psychopathology36(4).2005,“Embodied Simulation:From Neurons to Phenomenal Experience”,in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 4(1).2007a,“Before and Below‘Theory of Mind’:Embodied Simulation and the Neural Correlates of Social Cognition”,in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 362(1480).2007b,“Embodied Simulation:From Mirror Neuron Systems to Interpersonal Relations”,in Novartis Foundation Symposium 278.2009,“Mirror Neurons,Embodied Simulation,and the Neural Basis of Social Identification”,in Psychoanalytic Dialogues 19.2010,“Embodied Simulation and Its Role in Intersubjectivity”,in T.Fuchs,H.C.Sattel&P.Henningsen(eds.),The Embodied Self:Dimensions,Coherence and Disorders,Stuttgart:Schattauer.2011,“Neuroscience and Phenomenology”,in Phenomenology&Mind 1.2016,“Finding the Body in the Brain:From Simulation Theory to Embodied Simulation”,in B.P.McL aughlin&H.Kornblith(eds.),Goldman and His Critics,New York:Wiley Blackwell.2018,“The Problem of Images:A View from the Brain-body”,in Phenomenology&Mind 14.
Gallese,V.,Fadiga,L.,Fogassi,L.&Rizzolatti,G.,1996,“Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex”,in Brain 119(2).
Gurwitsch,A.,1941,“A Non-egological Conception of Consciousness”,in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research l(3).
Hamilton,A.F.de C.,2013,“The Mirror Neuron System Contributes to Social Responding”,in Cortex 49(10).
Husserl,E.,1960,Cartesian Meditations,trans.by D.Cairns,The Hague:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.1983,Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy:First Book,trans.by F.Kersten,Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.2006,The Basic Problems of Phenomenology:From the Lectures,Winter Semester(1910-1911),trans.by I.Farin&J.G.Hart,Dordrecht:Springer.
Keysers,C.,2011,Empathic Brain:How the Discovery of Mirror Neurons Changes Our Understanding of Human Nature,Lexington,KY:Social Brain Press.
Keysers,C.,Kohler,E.,Umiltà,M.A.,Nanetti,L.,Fogassi,L.&Gallese,V.,2003,“Audiovisual Mirror Neurons and Action Recognition”,in Experimental Brain Research 153(4).
Lohmar,D.,2006,“Mirror Neurons and the Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity”,in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 5(1).
Merleau-Ponty,M.,1962,Phenomenology of Perception,trans.by C.Smith,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul.
Mireault,G.,Poutre,M.,Sargent-Hier,M.,Dias,C.,Perdue,B.&Myrick,A.,2012,“Humour Perception and Creation Between Parents and 3-to 6-month-old Infants”,in Infant and Child Development 21.
Mukamel,R.,Ekstrom,A.D.,Kaplan,J.,Iacoboni,M.&Fried,I.,2010,“Single-neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions”,in Current Biology 20(8).
Petit,J.-L.,1999,“Constitution by Movement:Husserl in Light of Recent Neurobiological Findings”,in J.Petitot,F.Varela,B.Pachoud&J.-M.Roy(eds.),Naturalizing Phenomenology:Issues in Contemporary Phenomenology and Cognitive Science,Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
Reddy,V.,Markova,G.&Wallot,S.,2013,“Anticipatory Adjustments to Being Picked up in Infancy”,in PLos One 8(6).
Rizzolatti,G.&Craighero,L.,2004,“The Mirror-neuron System”,in Annual Review of Neuroscience 27.
Schilbach,L.,Timmermans,B.,Reddy,V.,Costall,A.,Bente,G.,Schlicht,T.&Vogeley,K.,2014,“Toward a Second-person Neuroscience”,in Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36(4).
Singer,T.,Seymour,B.,O'Doherty,J.,Kaube,H.,Dolan,R.J.&Frith,C.D.,2004,“Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not the Sensory Components of Pain”,in Science 303(5661).
Smith,A.,2002,The Theory of Moral Sentiments,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Spaulding,S.,2013,“Mirror Neurons and Social Cognition”,in Mind&Language 28(2).
Stein,E.,1989,On the Problem of Empathy,trans.by W.Stein,Washington,DC:ICS Publications.
Uithol,S.,van Rooij,I.,Bekkering,H.&Haselager,P.,2011,“What do Mirror Neurons Mirror?”,in Philosophical Psychology 24(5).
Uzgiris,I.C.,1981,“Two Functions of Imitation during Infancy”,in International Journal of Behavioral Development 4(1).
Wicker,B.,Keysers,C.,Plailly,J.,Royet,J.P.,Gallese,V.&Rizzolatti,G.,2003,“Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula:The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling Disgust”,in Neuron 40(3).
Williams,J.H.G.,2013,“The Mirror or Portrait Neuron System-time for a More Organic Model of Action-coding?”,in Cortex 49(10).
Zahavi,D.,2012,“Empathy and Mirroring:Husserl and Gallese”,in R.Breeur&U.Melle(eds.),Life,Subjectivity&Art:Essays in Honor of Rudolf Bernet,Dordrecht:Springer.2015,Self and Other:Exploring Subjectivity,Empathy,and Shame,Oxford:Oxford University Press.
(1)由于实验伦理与认知神经科学技术的局限性,迄今只有一项研究提供了镜像神经元存在于人脑中的直接证据。(cf.Mukamel et al.,pp.750-756)除此之外,人脑中存在镜像神经元的设想,要么来自脑成像研究中发现具有镜像属性脑区的间接证据,要么来自种系发生学意义上鸣禽、老鼠与非人灵长类动物脑中存在镜像神经元的推断。(cf.Carrillo et al.,pp.1301-1312)
(2)“被动综合”指我们不是一块对预先给定的世界作出反思性回应的惰性白板,而是始终在交互主体性意义上卷入与其他有意识的、处于情境中的存在的互动之中。这些存在凸显的程度取决于我对他人的关注程度。
(3)事实上,加莱塞在一些场合也明确承认对具身模拟重要性的强调并不排除仍然需要更为精密的心智化(mentalzing)技能,并且这二者并不排斥。
(4)娃娃的右侧是同感。同感是在主体中诱导出一种类似于观察对象的情绪状态,其核心是感知-运动机制。娃娃的外层(如同情关心和观点采择),建立在这种先天社会情感基础上。共享同一个感知-运动机制。娃娃的模仿侧(左)从运动无意识模仿开始,接着是协调、共享目标、仿真和真模仿。尽管娃娃的外层依赖于学习和前额叶的功能,但它们仍然从根本上与娃娃的内核相连。(cf.de Waal,p.135)