大众旅游现象研究综述与诠释
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摘要
MacCannell开创的旅游现代性研究范式,通过对大众旅游现象的关注,极大地推动了旅游社会学学科的发展,然而,这一研究范式在赋予旅游现象和旅游研究普遍性意义的同时,很大程度上又忽视了对大众旅游之外其他旅游现象和行为的描述与关注。旅游被视为一种均质的现象,由此也导致了旅游现象的社会学研究失去了应有的学术张力和想象力。该研究以旅游现代性研究为切入点,在综述国内外大众旅游研究成果的基础上,剖析大众旅游的概念、特征,并对大众旅游的发生及发展予以探讨,以期通过对大众旅游的阐释,以之为透镜,拓宽旅游现象认知的视野,推动旅游现代性研究范式的扩展,进而对旅游基础理论的研究有所启示。
The research of modern tourism created by Dean MacCannell,which was brought forward due to the attention on the phenomenon of mass tourism,has greatly promoted the development of tourism sociology.Although this paradigm gives full scope to tourism phenomenon and tourism research,it ignores the description of other tourism phenomena and behaviors beyond mass tourism.In fact,pilgrimage,backpacking tourism,black tourism,spiritual tourism,volunteer tourism,good tourism and pro-poor tourism are not included in the discussion of mass tourism.Due to multiple research on mass tourism,tourism is regarded as a homogeneous phenomenon,which leads to the lack of a proper academic tension and imagination regarding sociological studies of tourism.Based on the study of modern tourism,this paper reviews the research results of mass tourism in China and abroad,and it analyses the concept and characteristics of it,finally arguing that we can't simply equate mass tourism with the number of tourists,and that large-scale population flow is only the manifestation of mass tourism.The phenomenon of mass tourism needs to be understood considering five aspects,namely,population,technology,industry,social structure,and entertainment.The development of mass tourism is not only influenced by the improvement of productivity,the progressof transportation technology,the reform of holiday system and the industrialization promoted by Cook,but from the perspective of social culture,the origin of mass tourism is closely related to the expansion of tourist attractions and the"entertainment"of the tourism.The Romantic Movement at the turn of the18 th and 19 th centuries promoted the development of scenic tourism.Natural landscapes,traditions,historical heritage,museums,department stores and other natural and artificial locations had become tourist attractions.Since the 19 thcentury,the characteristics of the tourism.s pursuit for knowledge began to weaken and became more popular,and a universal relationship between tourism and"entertainment"had been established.Social and cultural changes had promoted the development of mass tourism.In the final part of the paper,the trend of mass tourism development is discussed.It is pointed out that mass tourism is only one of the many forms of tourism,and other forms,such as pilgrimage,exploration and drifting should not be neglected.In the context of modernity and post-modernity,these forms of tourism interact with mass tourism and evolve continuously,presenting new forms and characteristics of tourism.At the same time,some changes have taken place in the aesthetic characteristics of mass tourism.Traveling is becoming more and more popular,the sacred significance of acquiring knowledge,edifying sentiment and realizing value has been weakened,while the secular experience of relaxing one.s body and mind and interest in entertainment has been strengthened.The study holds that the development of mass tourism in the future will not go to extinction,since tourism is a reflection of human nature,the development of mass tourism will increase in the future.Finally,this paper appeals to Chinese researchers to pay more attention to some new changes in tourism,to actively explore and create theories,to promote the expansion of modern tourism research paradigm,and to explore tourism theories that are suitable for the development practice and characteristics of China.s tourism industry.
The research of modern tourism created by Dean MacCannell,which was brought forward due to the attention on the phenomenon of mass tourism,has greatly promoted the development of tourism sociology.Although this paradigm gives full scope to tourism phenomenon and tourism research,it ignores the description of other tourism phenomena and behaviors beyond mass tourism.In fact,pilgrimage,backpacking tourism,black tourism,spiritual tourism,volunteer tourism,good tourism and pro-poor tourism are not included in the discussion of mass tourism.Due to multiple research on mass tourism,tourism is regarded as a homogeneous phenomenon,which leads to the lack of a proper academic tension and imagination regarding sociological studies of tourism.Based on the study of modern tourism,this paper reviews the research results of mass tourism in China and abroad,and it analyses the concept and characteristics of it,finally arguing that we can't simply equate mass tourism with the number of tourists,and that large-scale population flow is only the manifestation of mass tourism.The phenomenon of mass tourism needs to be understood considering five aspects,namely,population,technology,industry,social structure,and entertainment.The development of mass tourism is not only influenced by the improvement of productivity,the progressof transportation technology,the reform of holiday system and the industrialization promoted by Cook,but from the perspective of social culture,the origin of mass tourism is closely related to the expansion of tourist attractions and the"entertainment"of the tourism.The Romantic Movement at the turn of the18 th and 19 th centuries promoted the development of scenic tourism.Natural landscapes,traditions,historical heritage,museums,department stores and other natural and artificial locations had become tourist attractions.Since the 19 thcentury,the characteristics of the tourism.s pursuit for knowledge began to weaken and became more popular,and a universal relationship between tourism and"entertainment"had been established.Social and cultural changes had promoted the development of mass tourism.In the final part of the paper,the trend of mass tourism development is discussed.It is pointed out that mass tourism is only one of the many forms of tourism,and other forms,such as pilgrimage,exploration and drifting should not be neglected.In the context of modernity and post-modernity,these forms of tourism interact with mass tourism and evolve continuously,presenting new forms and characteristics of tourism.At the same time,some changes have taken place in the aesthetic characteristics of mass tourism.Traveling is becoming more and more popular,the sacred significance of acquiring knowledge,edifying sentiment and realizing value has been weakened,while the secular experience of relaxing one.s body and mind and interest in entertainment has been strengthened.The study holds that the development of mass tourism in the future will not go to extinction,since tourism is a reflection of human nature,the development of mass tourism will increase in the future.Finally,this paper appeals to Chinese researchers to pay more attention to some new changes in tourism,to actively explore and create theories,to promote the expansion of modern tourism research paradigm,and to explore tourism theories that are suitable for the development practice and characteristics of China.s tourism industry.
引文
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(1)早期英语文献中“travel”与我们汉语所说的“旅行”存在较大语义差异,汉语“旅行”强调交通,但是早期英语文献中的“travel”指的是精英阶层出于获取知识和增长见闻为目的的旅游。19世纪初随着“tourist”和后来“tourism”的出现,“travel”一词才较少被使用。具体可参见:TRIBE J.Philosophical Issues in Tourism[M].UK:Channel View Publications.2009:8;48.?8
[2]ZHOU Xian.Modernity and tourist gaze in visual culture[J].Tianjin Social Sciences,2008,(1):111-118.[周宪.现代性与视觉文化中的旅游凝视[J].天津社会科学,2008,(1):111-118.]
[3]WANG Ning.Tourism,modernity and ambivalence:An exploration of tourism sociology[J].Sociological Research,1999,(6):93-101.[王宁.旅游、现代性与“好恶交织”[J].社会学研究,1999,(6):93-101.]
[4]DONG Peihai,LI Wei.Tourism,modernity and nostalgia:Theoretical exploration of sociology of tourism[J].Tourism Tribune,2013,28(4):111-120.[董培海,李伟.旅游、现代性与怀旧--旅游社会学的理论探索[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(4):111-120.]
[5]ARAMBERRI J.Modern Mass Tourism[M].XIE Yanjun,trans.Beijing:Tourism Education Press,2014:3;316.[胡里奥.阿兰贝里.现代大众旅游[M].谢彦君译.北京:旅游教育出版社,2014:3;316.]
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[7]COHEN E.Towards a sociology of international tourism[J].Social Research,1972,39(1):164-182.
[8]URRY J.The Tourist Gaze[M].YANG Hui,ZHAO Yuzhong,WANGQingling,trans.Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press,2009:3;7;12;25-30;63-77;121-122;201-202.[约翰·厄里.游客凝视[M].杨慧,赵玉中,王庆玲,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:3;7;12;25-30;63-77;121-122;201-202.]
[9]WANG Ning.Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(2):349-370.
[10]DONG Peihai,LI Wei.Glimpse of the consciousness of problem in the current domestic tourism academic study[J].Journal of Beijing International Studies University,2013,(5):7-14.[董培海,李伟.国内当前旅游学术研究中的问题意识缺失之我见[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2013,(5):7-14.]
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[16]MUSTONEN P.Volunteer tourism:Postmodern pilgrimage[J].Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change[J].2005,3(3):160-177.
[17]BOISSEVAIN J,SELWYN T.Contesting the Foreshore:Tourism,Society,and Politics on the Coast[M].Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press,2004:36-37.
[18]YOUELL R.The Complete A-Z Leisure,Travel&Tourism Handbook[M].London:Hodder&Stoughton,1996:141.
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(1)早期英语文献中“travel”与我们汉语所说的“旅行”存在较大语义差异,汉语“旅行”强调交通,但是早期英语文献中的“travel”指的是精英阶层出于获取知识和增长见闻为目的的旅游。19世纪初随着“tourist”和后来“tourism”的出现,“travel”一词才较少被使用。具体可参见:TRIBE J.Philosophical Issues in Tourism[M].UK:Channel View Publications.2009:8;48.?8