基于区块链技术的电力交易系统安全建模及性能分析
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摘要
利用工作量证明机制(PoW)的比特币系统是当今最主流的电子货币交易实现方式,这种交易方式也在电力交易系统中进行了探索应用。虽然区块链系统的安全性已经被广泛分析,而在电力交易系统中通过让主链分叉而产生安全风险的情形却没有得到充分的研究和论证。本文通过对基于区块链技术的电力交易系统进行新颖并可量化的建模,从区块链分叉的行为开始,按照马尔可夫决策过程(Markov decision process,MDP)模型进行分析,建立以增加侧链方式获取的PoW区块链的类MDP安全分析模型。通过设计电力交易区块链模拟器,仿真验证分析了实验得到的区块生成间隔时间与区块大小对电力交易系统中区块链的影响。
Currently, Bitcoin are most popular ways to implement electronic cash transactions. As Bitcoin is one of the proof-of-work(PoW) blockchain implementations. This transaction mode also explored and applied in the electric power trading. Although the security of blockchain has been thoroughly analyzed, the security of forked PoW blockchains has not been carefully investigated. This paper builds a novel and quantifiable model of power trading systems based on blockchain technology. According to the behavior of forked blockchain, the analysis and model are proposed by Markov decision process(MDP). An MDP-like security analytical model for PoW blockchain by adding sidechains is established. In addition, a blockchain-based power trading simulator is designed. Through the simulation experiment, the influence of block generation interval and block size on the blockchain in the electric power trading system is analyzed.
Currently, Bitcoin are most popular ways to implement electronic cash transactions. As Bitcoin is one of the proof-of-work(PoW) blockchain implementations. This transaction mode also explored and applied in the electric power trading. Although the security of blockchain has been thoroughly analyzed, the security of forked PoW blockchains has not been carefully investigated. This paper builds a novel and quantifiable model of power trading systems based on blockchain technology. According to the behavior of forked blockchain, the analysis and model are proposed by Markov decision process(MDP). An MDP-like security analytical model for PoW blockchain by adding sidechains is established. In addition, a blockchain-based power trading simulator is designed. Through the simulation experiment, the influence of block generation interval and block size on the blockchain in the electric power trading system is analyzed.
引文
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[14] 杨晓东,张有兵,卢俊杰,等.基于区块链技术的能源局域网储能系统自动需求响应[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):43-56.YANG Xiaodong,ZHANG Youbing,LU Junjie,et al.Blockchain-based Automated Demand Response Method for Energy Storage System in an Energy Local Networ [J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):43-56.
[15] GERVAIS A,RITZDORF H,KARAME G,et al.Tampering with the Delivery of Blocks and Transactions in Bitcoin [C]//Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer and communications security,October 12-16,2015,Denver,USA.New York:ACM,2015:692-705.
[16] HEILMAN E,KENDLER A,ZOHAR A,et al.Eclipse attacks on Bitcoin's peer-to-peer network[C]//Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium,August 12-14,2015,Washington,D C,USA.New York:ACM,2015:129-144.
[17] 佘维,胡跃,杨晓宇,等.基于能源区块链网络的虚拟电厂运行与调度模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):69-76.SHE Wei,HU Yue,YANG Xiaoyu,et al.Virtual power plant operation and scheduling model based on energy blockchain network [J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):69-76.
[2] NARAYANAN Arvind,BONNEAU Joseph,FELTEN Edward,等.区块链:技术驱动金融数字货币与智能合约技术 [M].北京:中信出版社,2016.
[3] 张宁,王毅,康重庆,等.能源互联网中的区块链技术:研究框架与典型应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(15):4011-4022.ZHANG Ning,WANG Yi,KANG Chongqing,et al.Blockchain technique in the energy internet:preliminary research framework and typical applications [J].Proceedings of the CESS,2016,36(15):4011-4022.
[4] 邰雪,孙宏斌,郭庆来.能源互联网中基于区块链的电力交易和阻塞管理方法[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):15-23.TAI Xue,SUN Hongbin,GUO Qinglai.Electricity transactions and congestion management based on blockchain in energy internet [J].Power System Technology,2016,36,40(12):15-23.
[5] 欧阳旭,朱向前,叶伦,等.区块链技术在大用户直购电中的应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):77-85.OUYANG Xu,ZHU Xiangqian,YE Lun,et al.Preliminary applications of blockchain technique in large consumers direct power trading [J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):77-85.
[6] SUKHWANI H,MARTINEZ J M,CHANG X,et al.Performance modeling of PBFT consensus process for permissioned blockchain network (hyperledger fabric)[C]//2017 IEEE 36th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS),September 26-29,2017,Hong Kong,China.New York:IEEE,2017:22-27.
[7] 黄秋波,安庆文,苏厚勤.一种改进PBFT算法作为以太坊共识机制的研究与实现[J].计算机应用与软件,2017,34(10):288-293.HUANG Qiubo,AN Qingwen,SU Houqin.Study and realization of an improved PBFT algorithm as an ethereum consensus mechanism [J].Computer Applications and Software,2017,34(10):288-293.
[8] KIAYIAS A,RUSSELL A,DAVID B,et al.Ouroboros:a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol[C]//Annual International Cryptology Conference,August 20-24,2017,Santa Barbara,USA.Berlin:Springer,2017:357-388.
[9] HIGASHINO T,KATAYAMA Y,MASUZAWA T,et al.Stabilization,safety,and security of distributed systems [M].Berlin:Springer,2016.
[10] EYAL I,SIRER E G.Majority is not enough:Bitcoin mining is vulnerable [C]//18th International Conference on Financial Cryptography & Data Security,March 3-7,2014,Bardados.Berlin:Springer,2012:436-454.
[11] KARAME G O,ANDROULAKI E,CAPKUN S.Double-spending fast payments in Bitcoin [C]//Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security,October 16-18,2012,Raleigh,USA.New York:ACM,2012:906-917.
[12] BENTOV I,LEE C,MIZRAHI A,et al.Proof of activity:extending Bitcoin's proof of work via proof of stake [J].ACM Sigmetrics Performance Evaluation Review,2014,42(3):34-37.
[13] SOMPOLINSKY Y,ZOHAR A.Secure high-rate transaction processing in bitcoin[C]//International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security,January 26-30,2015,San Juan,Puerto Rico.Heidelberg,Berlin:Springer,2015:507-527.
[14] 杨晓东,张有兵,卢俊杰,等.基于区块链技术的能源局域网储能系统自动需求响应[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):43-56.YANG Xiaodong,ZHANG Youbing,LU Junjie,et al.Blockchain-based Automated Demand Response Method for Energy Storage System in an Energy Local Networ [J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):43-56.
[15] GERVAIS A,RITZDORF H,KARAME G,et al.Tampering with the Delivery of Blocks and Transactions in Bitcoin [C]//Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer and communications security,October 12-16,2015,Denver,USA.New York:ACM,2015:692-705.
[16] HEILMAN E,KENDLER A,ZOHAR A,et al.Eclipse attacks on Bitcoin's peer-to-peer network[C]//Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium,August 12-14,2015,Washington,D C,USA.New York:ACM,2015:129-144.
[17] 佘维,胡跃,杨晓宇,等.基于能源区块链网络的虚拟电厂运行与调度模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):69-76.SHE Wei,HU Yue,YANG Xiaoyu,et al.Virtual power plant operation and scheduling model based on energy blockchain network [J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):69-76.