经济总量、经济结构及其空间协调——外资研发嵌入提升视角
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摘要
本文选取1998—2014年30个省、直辖市、自治区的统计资料,利用主成分分析法测度了外资研发嵌入指数,从外资研发嵌入提升视角研究了经济总量、经济结构及其空间协调关系。研究结果表明:中国外资研发嵌入水平由东往西逐次递减,且随时间推移这种空间非均衡性呈现"固化"态势,相比经济总量,经济结构红利空间巨大;经济总量和经济结构积极协调,显著促进了外资研发嵌入水平的提升,这得益于经济结构的资源配置效应和要素集聚效应;无论在全国层面还是区域层面,经济总量和经济结构的空间溢出现象明显,但是由于经济结构、经济总量与周边地区经济结构、经济总量彼此存在不协调现象或消极协调现象,引致两者的空间溢出对外资研发嵌入提升的影响不显著。
Based on the statistics of 30 provinces,municipal cities and autonomous regions from 1998-2014,together with the calculation of foreign R&D embeddedness through Principal Components Analysis,this paper analyzes the economic aggregate,economic structure and their spatial coordination from the perspective of foreign R&D embeddedness improvement. The results show that: firstly,foreign R&D embeddedness in China is decreasing from the eastern to the westem regions,and such spatial imbalance shows a solidification trend over time,and compared with the economic aggregate,the economic structure has more potential bonus; Secondly,benefiting from the resources allocation effects and the factor agglomeration effects of the economic structure,the economic aggregate and economic structure has positive coordination,which improves foreign R&D embeddedness significantly; Thirdly,although both the economic aggregate and economic structure have obvious spatial spillover effects at the national or regional level,due to the uncoordinated and negative coordination phenomena of the economic aggregate/structure and the counterparts of their surrounding areas,the impact of the spatial spillover on the improvement of foreign R&D embeddedness is not significant.
Based on the statistics of 30 provinces,municipal cities and autonomous regions from 1998-2014,together with the calculation of foreign R&D embeddedness through Principal Components Analysis,this paper analyzes the economic aggregate,economic structure and their spatial coordination from the perspective of foreign R&D embeddedness improvement. The results show that: firstly,foreign R&D embeddedness in China is decreasing from the eastern to the westem regions,and such spatial imbalance shows a solidification trend over time,and compared with the economic aggregate,the economic structure has more potential bonus; Secondly,benefiting from the resources allocation effects and the factor agglomeration effects of the economic structure,the economic aggregate and economic structure has positive coordination,which improves foreign R&D embeddedness significantly; Thirdly,although both the economic aggregate and economic structure have obvious spatial spillover effects at the national or regional level,due to the uncoordinated and negative coordination phenomena of the economic aggregate/structure and the counterparts of their surrounding areas,the impact of the spatial spillover on the improvement of foreign R&D embeddedness is not significant.
引文
[1]陈继勇,盛杨怿.外商直接投资的知识溢出与中国区域经济增长[J].经济研究,2008(12):39-49.
[2]陈钊,陆铭,金煜.中国人力资本和教育发展的区域差异:对于面板数据的估算[J].世界经济,2004(12):25-31.
[3]崔新健.外资研发中心的现状及政策建议:基于国家创新体系框架的研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2011.
[4]吉生保,王晓珍.外资研发嵌入与国企研发效率———价值链视角的高技术产业为例[J].国际贸易问题,2016(1):93-108.
[5]吉生保,杨旭丹,周小柯,等.中国IFDI的时空格局演进及影响因素研究:三维驱动视角[J].世界经济研究,2015(12):100-111.
[6]吉生保,卢潇潇,马淑娟,等.外资研发嵌入是苦口良药还是糖衣炮弹———中国市场创新绩效提升视角[J].南方经济,2017(6):74-91.
[7]卢潇潇,吉生保,王晓珍.外资研发嵌入的内外因辨析:市场化进程还是国际贸易竞争力[J].国际贸易问题,2016(8):119-130.
[8]余泳泽,刘大勇.我国区域创新效率的空间外溢效应与价值链外溢效应———创新价值链视角下的多维空间面板模型研究[J].管理世界,2013(7):6-20.
[9]朱有为,徐康宁.中国高技术产业研发效率的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2006(11):38-45.
[10]ARUN K,YILDIRIM D C. Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Intellectual Property,Patents and R&D[J].Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property,2017,7(2):226-241.
[11]COHEN W M,LEVINTHAL D A. Absorptive-Capacity-A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation[J].Ad-ministrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[12]FOSS N J,LYNGSIE J,ZAHRA S A. The Role of External Knowledge Sources and Organizational Design in theProcess of Opportunity Exploitation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2013,34(12):1453-1471.
[13]GARRETSEN H,PEETERS J. FDI and the Relevance of Spatial Linkages:Do Third-Country Effects Matter forDutch FDI?[J]. Review of World Economics,2009,145(2):319-338.
[14]GREENE W H. On the Asymptotic Bias of the Ordinary Least Squares Estimator of the Tobit Model[J].Econometri-ca,1981(49):505-513.
[15]MADARIAGA N,PONCET S. FDI in Chinese Cities:Spillovers and Impact On Growth[J]. World Economy,2007,30(5):837-862.
[16]PENG M W.全球商务(第三版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016.
[17]NELSON R R,WINTER S G. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change[M]. Cambridge,MA:BelknapPress,1982.
[18]PARK Y,PARK G. When Does a National Innovation System Start to Exhibit Systematic Behavior?[J]. Industryand Innovation,2003,10(4):403-414.
[19]SCHUMPETER J A. The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry into Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,andthe Business Cycle[M]. Transaction Publishers,1934.
[20]SMITH A. An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations[M].北京:商务印书馆,1972.
[21]SYLVIE M,MINA S. Determinants for Locating Research and Development Activity in Europe[J]. International E-conomics,2016,145(7):7-20.
[22]YANG C,HAYAKAWA K. Localization and Overseas R&D Activity:The Case of Taiwanese Multinational Enter-prises in China[J]. R&D Management,2015,45(2):181-195.
(1)以外资研发人员嵌入指标为例,用规模以上外资工业企业研发人员与全国规模以上工业企业研发人员之比表示,其他指标构建类似,详见吉生保和王晓珍(2016)、吉生保等(2017)的研究。
[2]陈钊,陆铭,金煜.中国人力资本和教育发展的区域差异:对于面板数据的估算[J].世界经济,2004(12):25-31.
[3]崔新健.外资研发中心的现状及政策建议:基于国家创新体系框架的研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2011.
[4]吉生保,王晓珍.外资研发嵌入与国企研发效率———价值链视角的高技术产业为例[J].国际贸易问题,2016(1):93-108.
[5]吉生保,杨旭丹,周小柯,等.中国IFDI的时空格局演进及影响因素研究:三维驱动视角[J].世界经济研究,2015(12):100-111.
[6]吉生保,卢潇潇,马淑娟,等.外资研发嵌入是苦口良药还是糖衣炮弹———中国市场创新绩效提升视角[J].南方经济,2017(6):74-91.
[7]卢潇潇,吉生保,王晓珍.外资研发嵌入的内外因辨析:市场化进程还是国际贸易竞争力[J].国际贸易问题,2016(8):119-130.
[8]余泳泽,刘大勇.我国区域创新效率的空间外溢效应与价值链外溢效应———创新价值链视角下的多维空间面板模型研究[J].管理世界,2013(7):6-20.
[9]朱有为,徐康宁.中国高技术产业研发效率的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2006(11):38-45.
[10]ARUN K,YILDIRIM D C. Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Intellectual Property,Patents and R&D[J].Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property,2017,7(2):226-241.
[11]COHEN W M,LEVINTHAL D A. Absorptive-Capacity-A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation[J].Ad-ministrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[12]FOSS N J,LYNGSIE J,ZAHRA S A. The Role of External Knowledge Sources and Organizational Design in theProcess of Opportunity Exploitation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2013,34(12):1453-1471.
[13]GARRETSEN H,PEETERS J. FDI and the Relevance of Spatial Linkages:Do Third-Country Effects Matter forDutch FDI?[J]. Review of World Economics,2009,145(2):319-338.
[14]GREENE W H. On the Asymptotic Bias of the Ordinary Least Squares Estimator of the Tobit Model[J].Econometri-ca,1981(49):505-513.
[15]MADARIAGA N,PONCET S. FDI in Chinese Cities:Spillovers and Impact On Growth[J]. World Economy,2007,30(5):837-862.
[16]PENG M W.全球商务(第三版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016.
[17]NELSON R R,WINTER S G. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change[M]. Cambridge,MA:BelknapPress,1982.
[18]PARK Y,PARK G. When Does a National Innovation System Start to Exhibit Systematic Behavior?[J]. Industryand Innovation,2003,10(4):403-414.
[19]SCHUMPETER J A. The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry into Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,andthe Business Cycle[M]. Transaction Publishers,1934.
[20]SMITH A. An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations[M].北京:商务印书馆,1972.
[21]SYLVIE M,MINA S. Determinants for Locating Research and Development Activity in Europe[J]. International E-conomics,2016,145(7):7-20.
[22]YANG C,HAYAKAWA K. Localization and Overseas R&D Activity:The Case of Taiwanese Multinational Enter-prises in China[J]. R&D Management,2015,45(2):181-195.
(1)以外资研发人员嵌入指标为例,用规模以上外资工业企业研发人员与全国规模以上工业企业研发人员之比表示,其他指标构建类似,详见吉生保和王晓珍(2016)、吉生保等(2017)的研究。