短波红外光谱技术在西藏尼木地区岗讲斑岩铜-钼矿床中的应用
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摘要
为进一步探明岗讲斑岩铜-钼矿床蚀变和矿化结构,有效指导下一步勘查工作,利用短波红外光谱技术对矿床内典型剖面上的4个钻孔进行了系统的测试分析.共检测到绢云母类、高岭石类、绿泥石类、硫酸盐类和碳酸盐类等蚀变矿物,其中尤以绢云母类矿物最为发育.对绢云母进行短波红外光谱测试分析显示:在靠近矿体的位置,有较大的伊利石结晶度(≥1.5)和较小的绢云母Al-OH吸收位置(≤2 205 nm);而在远离矿体的位置伊利石结晶度和绢云母Al-OH吸收位置分别为0.8～1.2和2 207～2 209 nm.同时,铁氧化物强度值与氧化矿体的出现具有同步性.表明短波红外光谱的这些特征参数有助于进一步理解岗讲斑岩铜-钼矿床蚀变和矿化结构,有效识别成矿流体性质,有潜力成为该矿区及其他类似矿区有效的找矿指标.
In order to reveal the alteration and mineralization structure of the Gangjiang porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, the short-wave infrared spectroscopy(SWIR) technique was systematically used to analyze the four drill-holes in the typical section of the deposit. Five types of altered mineral groups were detected, i.e. sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, sulphate and carbonate. Shortwave infrared spectroscopy results of sericite show that there is a greater illite crystallinity(≥ 1.5) and a smaller sericite Al-OH absorption position(≤ 2 205 nm) towards the ore body. However, the value of illite crystallinity and sericite Al-OH absorption position distal the ore body are 0.8-1.2 and 2 207-2 209 nm, respectively. In addition, the iron oxide intensity value is synchronized oxidized ore body. It is indicated that these characteristic parameters of short-wave infrared spectroscopy are helpful to the understanding of the alteration and mineralization structure of the Gangjiang porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, which may effectively restrict the ore-forming fluid condition and provide a potential prospecting indicator for the target mine and other similar mining areas.
In order to reveal the alteration and mineralization structure of the Gangjiang porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, the short-wave infrared spectroscopy(SWIR) technique was systematically used to analyze the four drill-holes in the typical section of the deposit. Five types of altered mineral groups were detected, i.e. sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, sulphate and carbonate. Shortwave infrared spectroscopy results of sericite show that there is a greater illite crystallinity(≥ 1.5) and a smaller sericite Al-OH absorption position(≤ 2 205 nm) towards the ore body. However, the value of illite crystallinity and sericite Al-OH absorption position distal the ore body are 0.8-1.2 and 2 207-2 209 nm, respectively. In addition, the iron oxide intensity value is synchronized oxidized ore body. It is indicated that these characteristic parameters of short-wave infrared spectroscopy are helpful to the understanding of the alteration and mineralization structure of the Gangjiang porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, which may effectively restrict the ore-forming fluid condition and provide a potential prospecting indicator for the target mine and other similar mining areas.
引文
Chang,Z.,Yang,Z.,2012.Evaluation of Inter-Instrument Variations among Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Devices.Economic Geology,107(7):1479-1488.https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1479
Chang,Z.S.,Hedenquist,J.W.,White,N.C.,et al.,2011.Exploration Tools for Linked Porphyry and Epithermal Deposits:Example from the Mankayan Intrusion-Centered Cu-Au District,Luzon,Philippines.Economic Geology,106(8):1365-1398.https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.8.1365
Chen,S.B.,Huang,B.Q.,Li,C.,et al.,2018.Alteration and Mineralization of the Yuhai Cu Deposit in Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang and Applications of Short Wavelength Infra-Red(SWIR)in Exploration.Earth Science,43(9):2911-2928(in Chinese with English abstract).
Clark,R.N.,King,T.V.V.,Klejwa,M.,et al.,1990.High Spectral Resolution Reflectance Spectroscopy of Minerals.Journal of Geophysical Research,95(B8):12653-12680.
Duke,E.F.,1994.Near Infrared Spectra of Muscovite,Tschermak Substitution,and Metamorphic Reaction Progress:Implications for Remote Sensing.Geology,22(7):621.
Guo,N.,Thomas,C.,Tang,J.X.,et al.,2017.Mapping White Mica Alteration Associated with the Jiama PorphyrySkarn Cu Deposit,Central Tibet Using Field SWIRSpectrometry.Ore Geology Reviews.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.07.027
Halley,S.,Dilles,J.H.,Tosdal,R.M.,2015.Footprints:Hydrothermal Alteration and Geochemical Dispersion around Porphyry Copper Deposits.SEG Newsletter,100:11-17
Herrmann,W.,Blake,M.,Doyle,M.,et al.,2001.Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Spectral Analysis of Hydrothermal Alteration Zones Associated with Base Metal Sulfide Deposits at Rosebery and Western Tharsis,Tasmania,and Highway-Reward,Queensland.Economic Geology,96(5):939-955.https://doi.org/10.2113/96.5.939
Hou,Z.Q.,Yang,Z.M.,Qu,X.M.,et al.,2009.The Miocene Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt Generated during PostCollisional Extension in the Tibetan Orogen.Ore Geology Reviews,36(1-3):25-51.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.09.006
Hunt,G.R.,1977.Spectral Signatures of Particulate Minerals in the Visible and near Infrared.Geophysics,42(3):501-513.https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440721
Jones,S.,2005.Short Wavelength Infrared Spectral Characteristics of the HW Horizon:Implications for Exploration in the Myra Falls Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Camp,Vancouver Island,British Columbia,Canada.Economic Geology,100(2):273-294.https://doi.org/10.2113/100.2.273
Leng,C.B.,Zhang,X.C.,Zhong,H.,et al.,2013.Re-Os Molybdenite Ages and Zircon Hf Isotopes of the Gangjiang Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit in the Tibetan Orogen.Mineralium Deposita,48(5):585-602.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-012-0448-x
Leng,C.B.,Zhang,X.C.,Zhou,W.D.,2010.A Primary Study of the Geological Characteristics and the Zircon U-Pb Age of the Gangjiang Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposit in Nimu,Tibet.Earth Science Frontiers,17(2):185-197(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,J.X.,Qin,K.Z,Li,G.M.,et al.,2007.K-Ar and40Ar-39Ar Age Dating of Nimu Porphyry Copper Orefield in Central Gangdese:Constrains on Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution and Metallogenetic Tectonic Setting.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(5):953-966(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lian,C.Y,Zhang,G.,Yuan,C.H.,2005a.Application of SWIR Reflectance Spectroscopy to Pulang Porphyry Copper Ore District,Yunnan Province.Mineral Deposits,24(6):621-637(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lian,C.Y.,Zhang,G.,Yuan,C.H.,et al.,2005b.Application of SWIR Reflectance Spectroscopy in Mapping of Hydrothermal Alteration Minerals:A Case Study of the Tuwu Porphyry Copper Prospect,Xinjiang.Geology in China,32(3):483-495(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lowell,J.D.,Guilbert,J.M.,1970.Lateral and Vertical Alteration-Mineralization Zoning in Porphyry Ore Deposits.Economic Geology,65(4):373-408.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.4.373
Neal,L.C.,Wilkinson,J.J.,Mason,P.J.,et al.,2018.Spectral Characteristics of Propylitic Alteration Minerals as a Vectoring Tool for Porphyry Copper Deposits.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,184:179-198.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.10.019
Sillitoe,R.H.,2010.Porphyry Copper Systems.Economic Geology,105(1):3-41.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3
Thompson,A.J.B.,Hauff,P.L.,Robitaille,A.J.,1999.Alteration Mapping in Exploration:Application of Short-Wave Infrared(SWIR)Spectroscopy.SEG Newsletter,39:1-13.
van Ruitenbeek,F.J.A.,Cudahy,T.,Hale,M.,et al.,2005.Tracing Fluid Pathways in Fossil Hydrothermal Systems with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.Geology,33(7):597.
Wang,R.,Cudahy,T.,Laukamp,C.,et al.,2017.White Mica as a Hyperspectral Tool in Exploration for the Sunrise Dam and Kanowna Belle Gold Deposits,Western Australia.Economic Geology,112(5):1153-1176.https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4505
Wang,X.C.,Yan,Z.G.,Zhou,W.D.,et al.,2002.Preliminary Study on Geological Features of Porphyry-Type Copper Deposits in the Northwesten Nimu,Middle Section of Gangdisi Belt,Tibet.Geology and Prospecting,38(1):5-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Chen,H.Y.,White,N.,et al.,2017.Alteration and Mineralization of Xinan Cu-Mo Ore Deposit in Zijinshan Orefield,Fujian Province,and Application of Short Wavelength Infra-Red Technology(SWIR)to Exploration.Mineral Deposits,36(5):1013-1038(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,K.,Browne,P.R.L.,Huntington,J.F.,et al.,2001.Characterising the Hydrothermal Alteration of the BroadlandsOhaaki Geothermal System,New Zealand,Using ShortWave Infrared Spectroscopy.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,106(1-2):53-65.
Yang,K.,Huntington,J.F.,Gemmell,J.B.,et al.,2011.Variations in Composition and Abundance of White Mica in the Hydrothermal Alteration System at Hellyer,Tasmania,as Revealed by Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,108(2):143-156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.01.001
Yang,K.,Lian,C.,Huntington,J.F.,et al.,2005.Infrared Spectral Reflectance Characterization of the Hydrothermal Alteration at the Tuwu Cu-Au Deposit,Xinjiang,China.Mineralium Deposita,40(3):324-336.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0479-7
Yang,Z.,Jiang,H.,Yang,M.G.,et al.,2017.Zircon U-Pb and Molybdenite Re-Os Dating of the Gangjiang Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit in Central Gangdese and Its Geological Significance.Earth Science,42(3):339-356(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,Z.M.,Hou,Z.Q.,Yang,Z.S.,et al.,2012.Application of Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Technique in Exploration of Poorly Eroded Porphyry Cu District:A Case Study of Niancun Ore District,Tibet.Mineral Deposits,31(4):699-717(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,G.,Lian,C.Y.,Wang,R.S.,2005.Application of the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser(PIMA)in Mineral Mapping in the Qulong Copper Prospect,Mozhugongka County,Tibet.Geological Bulletin of China,24(5):480-484(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,S.T,Chen,H.Y.,Zhang,X.B.,2017.Application of Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Technique to Exploration of Skarn Deposit:A Case Study of Tonglvshan CuFe-Au deposit,Edongnan(Southeast Hubei)Ore Concentration Area.Mineral Deposits,36(6):1263-1288(in Chinese with English abstract).
陈寿波,黄宝强,李琛,等,2018.新疆东天山玉海铜矿蚀变矿化特征及SWIR勘查应用研究.地球科学,43(9):2911-2928.
冷成彪,张兴春,周维德,2010.西藏尼木地区岗讲斑岩铜-钼矿床地质特征及锆石U-Pb年龄.地学前缘,17(2):185-197.
李金祥,秦克章,李光明,等,2007.冈底斯中段尼木斑岩铜矿田的K-Ar、40Ar/39Ar年龄:对岩浆-热液系统演化和成矿构造背景的制约.岩石学报,23(5):953-966.
连长云,章革,元春华,等,2005a.短波红外光谱矿物测量技术在普朗斑岩铜矿区热液蚀变矿物填图中的应用.矿床地质,24(6):621-637.
连长云,章革,元春华,等,2005b.短波红外光谱矿物测量技术在热液蚀变矿物填图中的应用--以土屋斑岩铜矿床为例.中国地质,32(3):483-495.
王小春,晏子贵,周维德,等,2002.初论西藏冈底斯带中段尼木西北部斑岩铜矿地质特征.地质与勘探,38(1):5-8.
许超,陈华勇,White,N.,等,2017.福建紫金山矿田西南铜钼矿段蚀变矿化特征及SWIR勘查应用研究.矿床地质,36(5):1013-1038.
杨震,姜华,杨明国,等,2017.冈底斯中段岗讲斑岩铜钼矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及其地质意义.地球科学,42(3):339-356.
杨志明,侯增谦,杨竹森,等,2012.短波红外光谱技术在浅剥蚀斑岩铜矿区勘查中的应用:以西藏念村矿区为例.矿床地质,31(4):699-717.
章革,连长云,王润生,2005.便携式短波红外矿物分析仪(PI-MA)在西藏墨竹工卡县驱龙铜矿区矿物填图中的应用.地质通报,24(5):480-484.
张世涛,陈华勇,张小波,等,2017.短波红外光谱技术在矽卡岩型矿床中的应用--以鄂东南铜绿山铜铁金矿床为例.矿床地质,36(6):1263-1288.
Chang,Z.S.,Hedenquist,J.W.,White,N.C.,et al.,2011.Exploration Tools for Linked Porphyry and Epithermal Deposits:Example from the Mankayan Intrusion-Centered Cu-Au District,Luzon,Philippines.Economic Geology,106(8):1365-1398.https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.8.1365
Chen,S.B.,Huang,B.Q.,Li,C.,et al.,2018.Alteration and Mineralization of the Yuhai Cu Deposit in Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang and Applications of Short Wavelength Infra-Red(SWIR)in Exploration.Earth Science,43(9):2911-2928(in Chinese with English abstract).
Clark,R.N.,King,T.V.V.,Klejwa,M.,et al.,1990.High Spectral Resolution Reflectance Spectroscopy of Minerals.Journal of Geophysical Research,95(B8):12653-12680.
Duke,E.F.,1994.Near Infrared Spectra of Muscovite,Tschermak Substitution,and Metamorphic Reaction Progress:Implications for Remote Sensing.Geology,22(7):621.
Guo,N.,Thomas,C.,Tang,J.X.,et al.,2017.Mapping White Mica Alteration Associated with the Jiama PorphyrySkarn Cu Deposit,Central Tibet Using Field SWIRSpectrometry.Ore Geology Reviews.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.07.027
Halley,S.,Dilles,J.H.,Tosdal,R.M.,2015.Footprints:Hydrothermal Alteration and Geochemical Dispersion around Porphyry Copper Deposits.SEG Newsletter,100:11-17
Herrmann,W.,Blake,M.,Doyle,M.,et al.,2001.Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Spectral Analysis of Hydrothermal Alteration Zones Associated with Base Metal Sulfide Deposits at Rosebery and Western Tharsis,Tasmania,and Highway-Reward,Queensland.Economic Geology,96(5):939-955.https://doi.org/10.2113/96.5.939
Hou,Z.Q.,Yang,Z.M.,Qu,X.M.,et al.,2009.The Miocene Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt Generated during PostCollisional Extension in the Tibetan Orogen.Ore Geology Reviews,36(1-3):25-51.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.09.006
Hunt,G.R.,1977.Spectral Signatures of Particulate Minerals in the Visible and near Infrared.Geophysics,42(3):501-513.https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440721
Jones,S.,2005.Short Wavelength Infrared Spectral Characteristics of the HW Horizon:Implications for Exploration in the Myra Falls Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Camp,Vancouver Island,British Columbia,Canada.Economic Geology,100(2):273-294.https://doi.org/10.2113/100.2.273
Leng,C.B.,Zhang,X.C.,Zhong,H.,et al.,2013.Re-Os Molybdenite Ages and Zircon Hf Isotopes of the Gangjiang Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit in the Tibetan Orogen.Mineralium Deposita,48(5):585-602.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-012-0448-x
Leng,C.B.,Zhang,X.C.,Zhou,W.D.,2010.A Primary Study of the Geological Characteristics and the Zircon U-Pb Age of the Gangjiang Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposit in Nimu,Tibet.Earth Science Frontiers,17(2):185-197(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,J.X.,Qin,K.Z,Li,G.M.,et al.,2007.K-Ar and40Ar-39Ar Age Dating of Nimu Porphyry Copper Orefield in Central Gangdese:Constrains on Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution and Metallogenetic Tectonic Setting.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(5):953-966(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lian,C.Y,Zhang,G.,Yuan,C.H.,2005a.Application of SWIR Reflectance Spectroscopy to Pulang Porphyry Copper Ore District,Yunnan Province.Mineral Deposits,24(6):621-637(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lian,C.Y.,Zhang,G.,Yuan,C.H.,et al.,2005b.Application of SWIR Reflectance Spectroscopy in Mapping of Hydrothermal Alteration Minerals:A Case Study of the Tuwu Porphyry Copper Prospect,Xinjiang.Geology in China,32(3):483-495(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lowell,J.D.,Guilbert,J.M.,1970.Lateral and Vertical Alteration-Mineralization Zoning in Porphyry Ore Deposits.Economic Geology,65(4):373-408.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.4.373
Neal,L.C.,Wilkinson,J.J.,Mason,P.J.,et al.,2018.Spectral Characteristics of Propylitic Alteration Minerals as a Vectoring Tool for Porphyry Copper Deposits.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,184:179-198.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.10.019
Sillitoe,R.H.,2010.Porphyry Copper Systems.Economic Geology,105(1):3-41.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3
Thompson,A.J.B.,Hauff,P.L.,Robitaille,A.J.,1999.Alteration Mapping in Exploration:Application of Short-Wave Infrared(SWIR)Spectroscopy.SEG Newsletter,39:1-13.
van Ruitenbeek,F.J.A.,Cudahy,T.,Hale,M.,et al.,2005.Tracing Fluid Pathways in Fossil Hydrothermal Systems with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.Geology,33(7):597.
Wang,R.,Cudahy,T.,Laukamp,C.,et al.,2017.White Mica as a Hyperspectral Tool in Exploration for the Sunrise Dam and Kanowna Belle Gold Deposits,Western Australia.Economic Geology,112(5):1153-1176.https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4505
Wang,X.C.,Yan,Z.G.,Zhou,W.D.,et al.,2002.Preliminary Study on Geological Features of Porphyry-Type Copper Deposits in the Northwesten Nimu,Middle Section of Gangdisi Belt,Tibet.Geology and Prospecting,38(1):5-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Chen,H.Y.,White,N.,et al.,2017.Alteration and Mineralization of Xinan Cu-Mo Ore Deposit in Zijinshan Orefield,Fujian Province,and Application of Short Wavelength Infra-Red Technology(SWIR)to Exploration.Mineral Deposits,36(5):1013-1038(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,K.,Browne,P.R.L.,Huntington,J.F.,et al.,2001.Characterising the Hydrothermal Alteration of the BroadlandsOhaaki Geothermal System,New Zealand,Using ShortWave Infrared Spectroscopy.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,106(1-2):53-65.
Yang,K.,Huntington,J.F.,Gemmell,J.B.,et al.,2011.Variations in Composition and Abundance of White Mica in the Hydrothermal Alteration System at Hellyer,Tasmania,as Revealed by Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,108(2):143-156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.01.001
Yang,K.,Lian,C.,Huntington,J.F.,et al.,2005.Infrared Spectral Reflectance Characterization of the Hydrothermal Alteration at the Tuwu Cu-Au Deposit,Xinjiang,China.Mineralium Deposita,40(3):324-336.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0479-7
Yang,Z.,Jiang,H.,Yang,M.G.,et al.,2017.Zircon U-Pb and Molybdenite Re-Os Dating of the Gangjiang Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit in Central Gangdese and Its Geological Significance.Earth Science,42(3):339-356(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,Z.M.,Hou,Z.Q.,Yang,Z.S.,et al.,2012.Application of Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Technique in Exploration of Poorly Eroded Porphyry Cu District:A Case Study of Niancun Ore District,Tibet.Mineral Deposits,31(4):699-717(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,G.,Lian,C.Y.,Wang,R.S.,2005.Application of the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser(PIMA)in Mineral Mapping in the Qulong Copper Prospect,Mozhugongka County,Tibet.Geological Bulletin of China,24(5):480-484(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,S.T,Chen,H.Y.,Zhang,X.B.,2017.Application of Short Wavelength Infrared(SWIR)Technique to Exploration of Skarn Deposit:A Case Study of Tonglvshan CuFe-Au deposit,Edongnan(Southeast Hubei)Ore Concentration Area.Mineral Deposits,36(6):1263-1288(in Chinese with English abstract).
陈寿波,黄宝强,李琛,等,2018.新疆东天山玉海铜矿蚀变矿化特征及SWIR勘查应用研究.地球科学,43(9):2911-2928.
冷成彪,张兴春,周维德,2010.西藏尼木地区岗讲斑岩铜-钼矿床地质特征及锆石U-Pb年龄.地学前缘,17(2):185-197.
李金祥,秦克章,李光明,等,2007.冈底斯中段尼木斑岩铜矿田的K-Ar、40Ar/39Ar年龄:对岩浆-热液系统演化和成矿构造背景的制约.岩石学报,23(5):953-966.
连长云,章革,元春华,等,2005a.短波红外光谱矿物测量技术在普朗斑岩铜矿区热液蚀变矿物填图中的应用.矿床地质,24(6):621-637.
连长云,章革,元春华,等,2005b.短波红外光谱矿物测量技术在热液蚀变矿物填图中的应用--以土屋斑岩铜矿床为例.中国地质,32(3):483-495.
王小春,晏子贵,周维德,等,2002.初论西藏冈底斯带中段尼木西北部斑岩铜矿地质特征.地质与勘探,38(1):5-8.
许超,陈华勇,White,N.,等,2017.福建紫金山矿田西南铜钼矿段蚀变矿化特征及SWIR勘查应用研究.矿床地质,36(5):1013-1038.
杨震,姜华,杨明国,等,2017.冈底斯中段岗讲斑岩铜钼矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及其地质意义.地球科学,42(3):339-356.
杨志明,侯增谦,杨竹森,等,2012.短波红外光谱技术在浅剥蚀斑岩铜矿区勘查中的应用:以西藏念村矿区为例.矿床地质,31(4):699-717.
章革,连长云,王润生,2005.便携式短波红外矿物分析仪(PI-MA)在西藏墨竹工卡县驱龙铜矿区矿物填图中的应用.地质通报,24(5):480-484.
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