大通河源区冻融作用及其生态环境效应
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摘要
冻融作用是高寒冻土生态环境变化的主要驱动力之一。以大通河源区为研究对象,对冻融作用的类型、成因、分布及其生态环境效应进行分析。结果表明:源区冻融作用发育强烈,主要表现为寒冻风化剥蚀、冻融滑移(包括冻融滑塌和融冻泥流)、冻胀-融沉等作用,对应于源区不同的地形条件和地貌单元。从山顶、山坡到河谷,分别形成山顶寒冻风化剥蚀带;山坡冻融滑移带;山前倾斜平原及河谷平原冻胀-融沉带等几种地貌类型,呈垂直分带规律。各带均存在不同的冻融灾害类型,寒冻风化剥蚀带主要为寒冻剥蚀岩块、碎屑流、崩塌物等;冻融滑移带主要为热融滑塌、冻融坍塌、融冻泥流等;冻胀-融沉带主要为冰椎、冻胀丘、热融洼地、热融沉陷等。同时对其生态环境效应进行分析,指出冻融作用致使高寒草甸严重破坏,荒漠化趋势增强,冻融灾害增多,尤其是冻融滑塌、融冻泥流和冻融沉陷等对高寒冻土环境的危害最大,是近年来大通河源区环境地质条件恶化的主要影响因素之一。
Freeze-thaw action was one of the main driving force of alpine permafrost ecological environment change.This paper took Datong river source region of Qinghai,China as research object,analyzed the type,genesis,distribution and eco-environmental effects of the areas. The results showed that strong action of freeze-thaw exsited in this region,such as the weathering and denudation of gelifraction,frost shifting,of which including freeze-thaw sliding and gelifluction,frost heave and thaw subsidence and so on. Corresponding to the different landscape conditions and geomorphic units,those formed weathering and denudation of gelifraction slopes at the mountain top,freeze-thaw slip at the mountain slopes,frost heave and thaw subsidence at piedmont sloping plain and river plain.Of which frozen soil landform showed a vertical zoning laws. Each zone had different types of freezing and thawing disasters,among them frost denudation rock,debris flow,collapse deposits in the weathering and denudation of gelifraction zone,thaw slump,freeze-thaw collapse,solifluction in the frost shifting zone,pingo,drumlin,thermokarst depression,thermokarst subsidence and other hazards in the frost heave and thaw subsidence zone. Besides,this paper studied the effects of ecological environment and pointed out that alpine meadow was severely damaged,freeze-thaw disasters increased caused by freeze-thaw action. Particularly,freeze-thaw sliding and gelifluction,frost heave and thaw subsidence were the most harmful to the permafrost environment and which had been one of the main factors of environmental geological conditions deterioration of Datong river source region in recent years.
Freeze-thaw action was one of the main driving force of alpine permafrost ecological environment change.This paper took Datong river source region of Qinghai,China as research object,analyzed the type,genesis,distribution and eco-environmental effects of the areas. The results showed that strong action of freeze-thaw exsited in this region,such as the weathering and denudation of gelifraction,frost shifting,of which including freeze-thaw sliding and gelifluction,frost heave and thaw subsidence and so on. Corresponding to the different landscape conditions and geomorphic units,those formed weathering and denudation of gelifraction slopes at the mountain top,freeze-thaw slip at the mountain slopes,frost heave and thaw subsidence at piedmont sloping plain and river plain.Of which frozen soil landform showed a vertical zoning laws. Each zone had different types of freezing and thawing disasters,among them frost denudation rock,debris flow,collapse deposits in the weathering and denudation of gelifraction zone,thaw slump,freeze-thaw collapse,solifluction in the frost shifting zone,pingo,drumlin,thermokarst depression,thermokarst subsidence and other hazards in the frost heave and thaw subsidence zone. Besides,this paper studied the effects of ecological environment and pointed out that alpine meadow was severely damaged,freeze-thaw disasters increased caused by freeze-thaw action. Particularly,freeze-thaw sliding and gelifluction,frost heave and thaw subsidence were the most harmful to the permafrost environment and which had been one of the main factors of environmental geological conditions deterioration of Datong river source region in recent years.
引文
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[10]Chen Yingyu,Wang Yonggui,Zhou Xiangyang.Research on the status of the desertification and its driving force in the source region of the Yellow river[J].Journal of Qinghai University:Nature Science,2008,26(4):71-76+80[陈英玉,王永贵,周向阳.黄河源区荒漠化现状及其驱动力研究[J].青海大学学报:自然科学版,2008,26(4):71-76+80]
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[13]Ma Lifeng,Niu Fujun,Yang Ningfang.Analysis on ground temperature changes and landslide process of thaw slumping in permafrost regions[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2006,(3):53-56+71[马立峰,牛富俊,杨宁芳.多年冻土热融滑塌的地温变化及滑坡过程分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2006,(3):53-56+71]
[14]Zhang Zhongqiong,Wu Qingbai,Zhou Zhaoye.Risk assessment of freeze thawing disaster in permafrost zone[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(2):142-149[张中琼,吴青柏,周兆叶.多年冻土区冻融灾害风险性评价[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(2):142-149]
[15]Jin Dewu,Niu Fujun,Chen Zhixin,et al.Landslide hazard from gelifluction in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and stability analysis method[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2004,32(3):49-52[靳德武,牛富俊,陈志新,等.青藏高原融冻泥流型滑坡灾害及其稳定性评价方法[J].煤田地质与勘探,2004,32(3):49-52]
[16]Jin Dewu,Sun Jianfeng,Fu Shaolan.Discussion on landslides hazard mechanism of two kinds of low angle slope in permafrost region of Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(5):774-778[靳德武,孙剑锋,付少兰.青藏高原多年冻土区两类低角度滑坡灾害形成机理探讨[J].岩土力学,2005,26(5):774-778]
[17]Xiong Zhiwen,Liao Xiaoping,Xu Bingkui,et al.Summary on research on slope and slope embankment in permafrost Region of Qinghai Tibet Railway[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2010,32(4):102-107[熊治文,廖小平,徐兵魁,等.青藏铁路多年冻土边坡与斜坡路基研究综述[J].铁道学报,2010,32(4):102-107]
[18]Zhang Zhongqiong,Wu Qingbai.Thermal hazards prediction on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Permafrost Region[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2012,42(2):454-461+484[张中琼,吴青柏.青藏高原多年冻土热融灾害发展预测[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2012,42(2):454-461+484]
[19]Liu Yongzhi,Wu Qingbai,Zhang Jianming,et al.Deformation of highway roadbed in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(1):10-15[刘永智,吴青柏,张建明,等.青藏高原多年冻土地区公路路基变形[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(1):10-15]
[20]Shi Weidong,Zhang Senqi,Li Jicheng,et al.Freeze thaw geological action and its characteristics of ecological environment in Yellow River source area[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,2006,18(2):60-62[石维栋,张森琦,李积成,等.黄河源区冻融地质作用及其生态环境地质特征[J].高原地震,2006,18(2):60-62]
[2]Wei Cao,Yu Sheng,et al.An application of a new method in permafrost environment assessment of Muli mining area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,63(3):609-616
[3]Guo Pengfei,Wang Jian,Bian Chunyu.The survey of permafrost in tibetan plateau region[J].Qinghai Geology,1995,(2):58-69[郭鹏飞,王健,边纯玉.青藏高原多年冻土概论[J].青海地质,1995,(2):58-69]
[4]Cheng Guodong,Qiu Guoqing.The classification of frost heaving terrain in Tibetan Plateau-as Exemplified by the Basin of Zhasushaoge Tang[G]//Qinghai-tibet Permafrost Research Memoir.Lan Zhou:Gan Su Publishing Company,1983:12-22[程国栋,邱国庆.青藏高原冻胀地形分类-以扎苏梢格塘盆地为例[G]//青藏冻土研究论文集.兰州:甘肃出版社,1983:12-22]
[5]Bian Jiang,Kou Lina,Zhan Beilei.The classification of frozen hazards and protecting approach of permafrost region in Tibetan Plateau permafrost region[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2011,22(3):129-133[边疆,寇丽娜,绽蓓蕾.青藏高原多年冻土区冻害类型及防治[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22(3):129-133]
[6]Dong Ruikun,Xu Zhaoyi.Dynamic and Characteristic of FreezingThawing Erosion on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):12-16+42[董瑞琨,许兆义,杨成永.青藏高原冻融侵蚀动力特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):12-16+42]
[7]Cui Zhiyong,Li Weimin,Zhong Hong.The present status of geologic hazard in Qinghai province and countermeasure to prevent[J].Journal of Qinghai University:Nature Science,2008,26(4):77-80[崔志勇,李为民,钟鸿.青海省地质灾害现状及预防对策[J].青海大学学报:自然科学版,2008,26(4):77-80]
[8]Yang Keyuan,Tong Haikui.Geological characteristics of freezethaw process and eco-environmental geology of the Yellow River Source Region[J].Gansu Geology,2010,19(1):64-66[杨科元,童海奎.黄河源区冻融地质作用及其生态环境地质特征[J].甘肃地质,2010,19(1):64-66]
[9]Zhang Senqi,Shi Weidong,Zhu Hua,et al.The reason for degeneration of the eco-environment advance trend in the headwater area of the Yellow river[J].Northwestern Geology,2004,37(1):101-106[张森琦,石维栋,朱桦,等.黄河源区生态环境恶化的地质原因及发展演化趋势[J].西北地质,2004,37(1):101-106]
[10]Chen Yingyu,Wang Yonggui,Zhou Xiangyang.Research on the status of the desertification and its driving force in the source region of the Yellow river[J].Journal of Qinghai University:Nature Science,2008,26(4):71-76+80[陈英玉,王永贵,周向阳.黄河源区荒漠化现状及其驱动力研究[J].青海大学学报:自然科学版,2008,26(4):71-76+80]
[11]Liu Shuzhen,Wu Hua,Zhang Jianguo,et al.Types of Soil Erosion in Chilly Environment[J].Mountan Research,2008,26(3):326-330[刘淑珍,吴华,张建国,等.寒冷环境土壤侵蚀类型[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):326-330]
[12]Li Jing,Sheng Yu,Chen Ji,et al.Characteristics of ground temperatures and influencing factors of permafrost development and distribution in the Source Region of Datong River[J].Progress in Geography,2011,30(7):827-836[李静,盛煜,陈继,等.大通河源区多年冻土的地温特征及其影响因素分析[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(7):827-836]
[13]Ma Lifeng,Niu Fujun,Yang Ningfang.Analysis on ground temperature changes and landslide process of thaw slumping in permafrost regions[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2006,(3):53-56+71[马立峰,牛富俊,杨宁芳.多年冻土热融滑塌的地温变化及滑坡过程分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2006,(3):53-56+71]
[14]Zhang Zhongqiong,Wu Qingbai,Zhou Zhaoye.Risk assessment of freeze thawing disaster in permafrost zone[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(2):142-149[张中琼,吴青柏,周兆叶.多年冻土区冻融灾害风险性评价[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(2):142-149]
[15]Jin Dewu,Niu Fujun,Chen Zhixin,et al.Landslide hazard from gelifluction in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and stability analysis method[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2004,32(3):49-52[靳德武,牛富俊,陈志新,等.青藏高原融冻泥流型滑坡灾害及其稳定性评价方法[J].煤田地质与勘探,2004,32(3):49-52]
[16]Jin Dewu,Sun Jianfeng,Fu Shaolan.Discussion on landslides hazard mechanism of two kinds of low angle slope in permafrost region of Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(5):774-778[靳德武,孙剑锋,付少兰.青藏高原多年冻土区两类低角度滑坡灾害形成机理探讨[J].岩土力学,2005,26(5):774-778]
[17]Xiong Zhiwen,Liao Xiaoping,Xu Bingkui,et al.Summary on research on slope and slope embankment in permafrost Region of Qinghai Tibet Railway[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2010,32(4):102-107[熊治文,廖小平,徐兵魁,等.青藏铁路多年冻土边坡与斜坡路基研究综述[J].铁道学报,2010,32(4):102-107]
[18]Zhang Zhongqiong,Wu Qingbai.Thermal hazards prediction on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Permafrost Region[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2012,42(2):454-461+484[张中琼,吴青柏.青藏高原多年冻土热融灾害发展预测[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2012,42(2):454-461+484]
[19]Liu Yongzhi,Wu Qingbai,Zhang Jianming,et al.Deformation of highway roadbed in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(1):10-15[刘永智,吴青柏,张建明,等.青藏高原多年冻土地区公路路基变形[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(1):10-15]
[20]Shi Weidong,Zhang Senqi,Li Jicheng,et al.Freeze thaw geological action and its characteristics of ecological environment in Yellow River source area[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,2006,18(2):60-62[石维栋,张森琦,李积成,等.黄河源区冻融地质作用及其生态环境地质特征[J].高原地震,2006,18(2):60-62]