环境规制、外商直接投资与中国工业绿色转型
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摘要
本文基于行业异质性的视角,首先构建环境规制、外商直接投资与工业绿色转型的理论框架,并提出理论假说。随后,构建计量模型,设计变量指标,采用省级动态面板数据与系统GMM方法,对理论假说进行检验,并探究空间异质性对三者之间关系的影响。研究结果表明:工业绿色转型伴随环境规制强度的增加,表现出先降低后上升的U型趋势;中国仍处于U型曲线的左半部分,当前环境规制强度不利于工业绿色转型;外商直接投资主要集中于污染型行业,不利于工业绿色转型,证实了"污染天堂假说";环境规制与外商直接投资的交互效应有助于促进工业绿色转型,环境规制作为外资的重要准入门槛,能引导外资流向清洁生产型行业;空间异质性对环境规制与外商直接投资的交互效应产生重要影响,东部、西部地区交互效应显著地促进了工业绿色转型,而中部与东北地区则不利于工业绿色转型。
Based on the perspective of industry heterogeneity, this paper first constructs a theoretical framework of environmental regulation, FDI and industrial green transformation, and then puts forward the corresponding theoretical hypotheses. Subsequently, we empirically test these hypotheses and the influence of spatial heterogeneity on the relationship among the three, by establishing an econometric model, designing variable indicators and using China's province-level panel data and systematic GMM. This study shows:(1) with the increasing intensity of environmental regulation, China's industrial green transition shows a U-shaped trend; China is still in the left of the U-shape Curve, namely, the current environment regulation doesn't benefit industrial green transition.(2) FDI doesn't favor industrial green transition, this supports pollution haven hypothesis to some extent.(3)The interaction between environmental regulation and FDI helps to promote industrial green transformation. As an entry threshold for FDI, environment regulation guides FDI flowing to clean industry.(4) Spatial heterogeneity affects the interaction effect between environment regulation and FDI—the interaction effect promotes industrial green transformation in coastal regions, but not in the interior areas. Finally, we propose to strengthen environmental regulation and implement differentiation environmental policy.
Based on the perspective of industry heterogeneity, this paper first constructs a theoretical framework of environmental regulation, FDI and industrial green transformation, and then puts forward the corresponding theoretical hypotheses. Subsequently, we empirically test these hypotheses and the influence of spatial heterogeneity on the relationship among the three, by establishing an econometric model, designing variable indicators and using China's province-level panel data and systematic GMM. This study shows:(1) with the increasing intensity of environmental regulation, China's industrial green transition shows a U-shaped trend; China is still in the left of the U-shape Curve, namely, the current environment regulation doesn't benefit industrial green transition.(2) FDI doesn't favor industrial green transition, this supports pollution haven hypothesis to some extent.(3)The interaction between environmental regulation and FDI helps to promote industrial green transformation. As an entry threshold for FDI, environment regulation guides FDI flowing to clean industry.(4) Spatial heterogeneity affects the interaction effect between environment regulation and FDI—the interaction effect promotes industrial green transformation in coastal regions, but not in the interior areas. Finally, we propose to strengthen environmental regulation and implement differentiation environmental policy.
引文
[1]傅京燕,李丽莎.环境规制,要素禀赋与产业国际竞争力的实证研究——基于中国制造业面板数据[J].管理世界,2010(10):87-98.
[2]蒋为.环境规制是否影响了中国制造业企业研发创新——基于微观数据的实证研究[J].财经研究,2015(2):76-87.
[3]金碚.大国筋骨——中国工业化65年历程与思考[M].广州:广东经济出版社,2015(4):78-79.
[4]李斌,彭星,欧阳铭珂.环境规制,绿色全要素生产率与中国工业发展方式转变[J].中国工业经济,2013(4):56-68.
[5]陆旸.环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的贸易比较优势了吗[J].经济研究,2009(4):28-40.
[6]聂爱云,陆长平.制度约束,外商投资与产业结构升级调整——基于省级面板数据的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2012(2):136-145.
[7]任力,黄崇杰.国内外环境规制对中国出口贸易的影响[J].世界经济,2015(5):59-80.
[8]沈能.环境效率,行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验[J].中国工业经济,2012(3):56-68.
[9]王双燕,魏晓平,赵雷英.外商直接投资,环境规制与产业结构高级化[J].首都经济贸易大学学报(双月刊),2016(1):26-32.
[10]许和连,邓玉萍.外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究[J].管理世界,2012(2):30-43.
[11]原毅军,谢荣辉.环境规制的产业结构调整效应研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验[J].中国工业经济,2014(8):57-69.
[12]张成,陆旸,郭路,于同申.环境规制强度与生产技术进步[J].经济研究,2011(2):113-124.
[13]张三峰,卜茂亮.环境规制,环保投入与中国企业生产率——基于中国企业问卷数据的实证研究[J].南开经济研究,2011(2):129-146.
[14]朱平芳,张征宇,姜国麟.FDI与环境规制:基于地方分权视角的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011(6):133-145.
[15]ARELLANO M,BOVER O.Another Look at the Instrumental Variables Estimation of Error Components Models[J].Journal of Econometrics,1995(1):29-51.
[16]GOLLOP,F.M.,ROBERT,M.J.Environmental Regulations and Productivity Growth:The Case of Fossial fueled Electric Power generation[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983(4):654-665.
[17]GRAY,W.B.The Cost of Regulation:OSHA,EPA and the Productivity Slow down[J].American Economic Review,1987(77):998-1006.
[18]HAMAMOTO,M.Environmental Regulation and the Productivity of Japanese Manufacturing Industries[J].Resource and Energy Economics,2006(4):299-312.
[19]JAFFE,A.B.,PALMER,K.Environmental Regulation and Innovation:a Panel Data Study[J].Review of Economic Statistics,1996(4):610-619.
[20]LIST,J.A.,CO,C.Y.The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment[J].Journal of Environmental Economics&Management,2000(1):1-20.
[21]PORTER,M.E.,LINDE,C.V.D.Towards a New Conception of the Environmental-Competiveness Relationship[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1995(4):97-118.
(1)限于篇幅,这里未将行业具体划分结果列出,备索。
(2)工业废水达标率=废水达标排放量/废水总排放;工业SO2去除率=工业SO2去除量/(工业SO2去除量+工业SO2排放量);工业烟尘去除率=工业烟尘去除量/(工业烟尘去除量+工业烟尘排放量);固体综合利用率等于固体废弃物综合利用量/固体废物产生量。需要指出的是,由于烟尘与粉尘统计口径在2011年发生变化,为此,本文把烟尘、粉尘两种污染物合并为烟尘(粉尘)。限于篇幅,这里未详细介绍绩效型环境规制测算方法,详见傅京燕、李丽莎(2010)。
(1)根据国家统计局划分方法,东部地区主要包括北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、山东、福建、广东、海南等10个省份;中部地区包括山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南等6个省份;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆等11个省份;东北地区包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江3个省份。
[2]蒋为.环境规制是否影响了中国制造业企业研发创新——基于微观数据的实证研究[J].财经研究,2015(2):76-87.
[3]金碚.大国筋骨——中国工业化65年历程与思考[M].广州:广东经济出版社,2015(4):78-79.
[4]李斌,彭星,欧阳铭珂.环境规制,绿色全要素生产率与中国工业发展方式转变[J].中国工业经济,2013(4):56-68.
[5]陆旸.环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的贸易比较优势了吗[J].经济研究,2009(4):28-40.
[6]聂爱云,陆长平.制度约束,外商投资与产业结构升级调整——基于省级面板数据的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2012(2):136-145.
[7]任力,黄崇杰.国内外环境规制对中国出口贸易的影响[J].世界经济,2015(5):59-80.
[8]沈能.环境效率,行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验[J].中国工业经济,2012(3):56-68.
[9]王双燕,魏晓平,赵雷英.外商直接投资,环境规制与产业结构高级化[J].首都经济贸易大学学报(双月刊),2016(1):26-32.
[10]许和连,邓玉萍.外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究[J].管理世界,2012(2):30-43.
[11]原毅军,谢荣辉.环境规制的产业结构调整效应研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验[J].中国工业经济,2014(8):57-69.
[12]张成,陆旸,郭路,于同申.环境规制强度与生产技术进步[J].经济研究,2011(2):113-124.
[13]张三峰,卜茂亮.环境规制,环保投入与中国企业生产率——基于中国企业问卷数据的实证研究[J].南开经济研究,2011(2):129-146.
[14]朱平芳,张征宇,姜国麟.FDI与环境规制:基于地方分权视角的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011(6):133-145.
[15]ARELLANO M,BOVER O.Another Look at the Instrumental Variables Estimation of Error Components Models[J].Journal of Econometrics,1995(1):29-51.
[16]GOLLOP,F.M.,ROBERT,M.J.Environmental Regulations and Productivity Growth:The Case of Fossial fueled Electric Power generation[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983(4):654-665.
[17]GRAY,W.B.The Cost of Regulation:OSHA,EPA and the Productivity Slow down[J].American Economic Review,1987(77):998-1006.
[18]HAMAMOTO,M.Environmental Regulation and the Productivity of Japanese Manufacturing Industries[J].Resource and Energy Economics,2006(4):299-312.
[19]JAFFE,A.B.,PALMER,K.Environmental Regulation and Innovation:a Panel Data Study[J].Review of Economic Statistics,1996(4):610-619.
[20]LIST,J.A.,CO,C.Y.The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment[J].Journal of Environmental Economics&Management,2000(1):1-20.
[21]PORTER,M.E.,LINDE,C.V.D.Towards a New Conception of the Environmental-Competiveness Relationship[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1995(4):97-118.
(1)限于篇幅,这里未将行业具体划分结果列出,备索。
(2)工业废水达标率=废水达标排放量/废水总排放;工业SO2去除率=工业SO2去除量/(工业SO2去除量+工业SO2排放量);工业烟尘去除率=工业烟尘去除量/(工业烟尘去除量+工业烟尘排放量);固体综合利用率等于固体废弃物综合利用量/固体废物产生量。需要指出的是,由于烟尘与粉尘统计口径在2011年发生变化,为此,本文把烟尘、粉尘两种污染物合并为烟尘(粉尘)。限于篇幅,这里未详细介绍绩效型环境规制测算方法,详见傅京燕、李丽莎(2010)。
(1)根据国家统计局划分方法,东部地区主要包括北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、山东、福建、广东、海南等10个省份;中部地区包括山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南等6个省份;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆等11个省份;东北地区包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江3个省份。