改革开放以来我国研究机构“走出去”的探索与实践
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摘要
系统回顾了改革开放40年来中国研究机构"走出去"的演变历程、特征、动因、进入模式、组织结构及成效等内容。研究发现,中国研究机构"走出去"经历了"萌芽→起步→调整→加快"4个发展阶段,呈现出投资规模增长迅速、投资主体多元、领域日益拓展、形式丰富多样、转向"一带一路"沿线国家等主要特征。拓展国际市场,追踪、获取技术前沿,培育国内研发人才,规避母国和东道国的政治、经济、文化、科技差异风险是中国研究机构"走出去"的主要动因。跨国公司结合自身实力,普遍采取并购、绿地投资、共建研发联盟等模式进入东道国,且呈现出综合研发网络等多元化组织结构类型。最后,结合当前中国研究机构"走出去"面临的困境,从模式转型、组织战略变革、新兴经济体间合作、政策整合与集成方面提出研究展望。
This paper systematically reviews the evolution, characteristics, motivations, entry patterns, organizational structure, and effectiveness of the internationalization of Chinese research institutions in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up.The research results show that internationalization of research institutions has undergone four phases: sprout period, starting period, adjustment period, accelerating period.And it shows a rapid growth of investment scale, diversification of investment entities, rich and varied forms, and transition to major countries along the "One Belt and One Road".Expanding the international market, tracking and acquiring technological frontiers, nurturing domestic R&D talents, and evading the risks of political, economic, cultural, and scientific differences between home and host countries are the main motivations for Chinese research institutions to "go global".Multinational corporations have entered the host country with modes such as M&A, greenfield investment, and joint R&D alliances in their own strengths, and have presented a variety of organizational structures such as integrated R&D networks.Finally, In view of the difficulties faced by Chinese research institutions, this paper puts forward a research prospect from the aspects of model transformation, organizational strategy reform, cooperation among emerging economies and policy integration.
This paper systematically reviews the evolution, characteristics, motivations, entry patterns, organizational structure, and effectiveness of the internationalization of Chinese research institutions in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up.The research results show that internationalization of research institutions has undergone four phases: sprout period, starting period, adjustment period, accelerating period.And it shows a rapid growth of investment scale, diversification of investment entities, rich and varied forms, and transition to major countries along the "One Belt and One Road".Expanding the international market, tracking and acquiring technological frontiers, nurturing domestic R&D talents, and evading the risks of political, economic, cultural, and scientific differences between home and host countries are the main motivations for Chinese research institutions to "go global".Multinational corporations have entered the host country with modes such as M&A, greenfield investment, and joint R&D alliances in their own strengths, and have presented a variety of organizational structures such as integrated R&D networks.Finally, In view of the difficulties faced by Chinese research institutions, this paper puts forward a research prospect from the aspects of model transformation, organizational strategy reform, cooperation among emerging economies and policy integration.
引文
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[15] MININ A D,ZHANG J.An exploratory study on international R&D strategies of Chinese companies in Europe[J].Review of Policy Research,2010,27(4):433-455.
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[19] 武汉大学质量发展战略研究院.中国制造业企业如何应对劳动力成本上升——中国企业-劳动力匹配调查(CEES)报告(2015-2016)[R].武汉,2017.
[20] 陈岩,徐慧慧,景木南,等.多维政府参与、企业动态能力与海外研发——基于中国创新型企业的实证研究[J].科研管理,2015(S1):127-138.
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[22] 吴卫群.外资研发中心加快融入上海创新体系[N].解放日报,2018-02-11.
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[24] 曾德明,张磊生,禹献云,等.高新技术企业研发国际化进入模式选择研究[J].软科学,2013(10):25-28.
[25] 国家商务部,国家统计局,国家外汇管理局.2016年中国对外投资统计公报[R].北京,2017.
[26] 刘静,陈建,汪婧.对跨国公司研发全球化的思考[J].经济问题,2008(8):36-38.
[27] GASSMANN O,ZEDTWITZ M V.Organization of industrial R&D on a global scale[J].R&D Management,1998,28(3):147-161.
[28] GASSMANN O,ZEDTWITZ M V.New concepts and trends in international R&D organization[J].Research Policy,1999,28(2-3):231-250.
[29] CHIESA V.Managing the internationalization of R&D activities[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1996,43(1):7-23.
[30] BROCKHOFF K.Internationalization of research and development[M].Berlin:Springer Science & Business Media,1998.
[31] LIU J,WANG Y,ZHENG G.Driving forces and organisational configurations of international R&D:the case of technology-intensive Chinese multinationals[J].International Journal of Technology Management,2010,51(2-4):409-426.
[32] 王静.我国高新区企业已设立境外研发机构994家[N].中国科学报,2018-07-19.
[33] 浙江省科学技术厅.浙江省企业在海外设立研发机构的现状及对策研究[R].杭州,2009.
[34] 浙江大学管理学院,全球浙商研究院.2016浙江全球化发展报告[R].杭州,2017.
[35] 李梅,余天骄.研发国际化是否促进了企业创新——基于中国信息技术企业的经验研究[J].管理世界,2016(11):125-140.
[2] 习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利[N].人民日报,2017-10-28.
[3] CANTWELL J.From the early internationalization of corporate technology to global technology sourcing[J].Transnational Corporations,1999,8(2):71-92.
[4] BOLON D S.The management of multinational R&D:a neglected topic in international business research[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1993,24(1):1-18.
[5] 薛澜.科技研究与开发的国际化及中国的对策[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1995(11):4-7.
[6] 赵弘.中国总部经济发展报告(2012-2013)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012.
[7] 王砚羽,谢伟,李纪珍,等.自建与合作:资源与海外研发机构进入模式研究[J].科学学研究,2016(9):1360-1370.
[8] 李燕萍,陈武.中国众创空间研究现状与展望[J].中国科技论坛,2017(5):12-18.
[9] 胡倩.人民币汇率变动对我国对外直接投资影响初探[J].改革与开放,2011(16):22-23.
[10] DUNNING J H.International production and the multinational enterprise (RLE international business)[M].London:Routledge,2013.
[11] ZANDER U,KOGUT B.Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities:an empirical test[J].Organization Science,1995,6(1):76-92.
[12] 王展硕,谢伟.中国企业研发国际化研究的综述与展望[J].研究与发展管理,2017(6):121-132.
[13] VON ZEDTWITZ M.International R&D strategies of TNCs from developing countries:the case of China[C].Globalization of R&D and Developing Countries:Proceedings of the Expert Meeting Geneva,2005.
[14] MININA A D,GAMMELTOFT P.Chinese foreign direct investment in R&D in Europe:a new model of R&D internationalization[J].European Management Journal,2012,30(3):189-203.
[15] MININ A D,ZHANG J.An exploratory study on international R&D strategies of Chinese companies in Europe[J].Review of Policy Research,2010,27(4):433-455.
[16] CANTWELL J,HODSON C.Global R&D and UK competitiveness[A].MCASON.Global research strategy and international competitiveness[M].London:Oxford,Blackwell,1991.
[17] 陈武,李燕萍.驱动创新发展的动力模式演变[J].科技管理研究,2017(14):1-5.
[18] H?KANSON L,NOBEL R.Determinants of foreign R&D in Swedish multinationals[J].Research Policy,1993,22(5-6):397-411.
[19] 武汉大学质量发展战略研究院.中国制造业企业如何应对劳动力成本上升——中国企业-劳动力匹配调查(CEES)报告(2015-2016)[R].武汉,2017.
[20] 陈岩,徐慧慧,景木南,等.多维政府参与、企业动态能力与海外研发——基于中国创新型企业的实证研究[J].科研管理,2015(S1):127-138.
[21] 科技部,国资委,全国总工会.中国创新型企业发展报告2013—2014[R].北京,2015.
[22] 吴卫群.外资研发中心加快融入上海创新体系[N].解放日报,2018-02-11.
[23] 赵先进,梁璐.中国制造业上市公司海外研发战略布局分析[J].商业研究,2016(9):32-38.
[24] 曾德明,张磊生,禹献云,等.高新技术企业研发国际化进入模式选择研究[J].软科学,2013(10):25-28.
[25] 国家商务部,国家统计局,国家外汇管理局.2016年中国对外投资统计公报[R].北京,2017.
[26] 刘静,陈建,汪婧.对跨国公司研发全球化的思考[J].经济问题,2008(8):36-38.
[27] GASSMANN O,ZEDTWITZ M V.Organization of industrial R&D on a global scale[J].R&D Management,1998,28(3):147-161.
[28] GASSMANN O,ZEDTWITZ M V.New concepts and trends in international R&D organization[J].Research Policy,1999,28(2-3):231-250.
[29] CHIESA V.Managing the internationalization of R&D activities[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1996,43(1):7-23.
[30] BROCKHOFF K.Internationalization of research and development[M].Berlin:Springer Science & Business Media,1998.
[31] LIU J,WANG Y,ZHENG G.Driving forces and organisational configurations of international R&D:the case of technology-intensive Chinese multinationals[J].International Journal of Technology Management,2010,51(2-4):409-426.
[32] 王静.我国高新区企业已设立境外研发机构994家[N].中国科学报,2018-07-19.
[33] 浙江省科学技术厅.浙江省企业在海外设立研发机构的现状及对策研究[R].杭州,2009.
[34] 浙江大学管理学院,全球浙商研究院.2016浙江全球化发展报告[R].杭州,2017.
[35] 李梅,余天骄.研发国际化是否促进了企业创新——基于中国信息技术企业的经验研究[J].管理世界,2016(11):125-140.