绿色空间对休闲性体力活动影响的社区分异——以广州市为例
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摘要
以广州市20个典型社区为例,构建多元线性回归模型,探讨了绿色空间对居民休闲性体力活动的影响,并剖析绿色空间对不同类型社区居民休闲性体力活动影响的作用机制。结果发现:1)不同类型社区居民的休闲性体力活动水平存在明显差异,低档社区的为782.99MET-min/w,中档社区的为871.70MET-min/w,高档社区的为1 227.91 MET-min/w;2)影响不同类型社区居民休闲性体力活动水平的绿色空间因素有所不同,低档社区、中档社区和高档社区的显著因子分别为"到最近公园广场距离""邻里绿化覆盖率"和"健身活动设施数量";3)绿色空间对休闲性体力活动水平影响的作用机制存在社区差异,低档社区居民休闲性体力活动主要受到成本作用的约束,中档社区居民主要受绿化环境作用影响,而高档社区居民主要受机会作用影响。
The continuous development of the social economy has provided us with a modern and intelligent lifestyle, which may also increase citizens' sedentary behaviors. How to improve citizens' leisure time physical activities and public health at a country level has become a popular issue in recent years. Previous studies suggested that enhancing individual access to green spaces is a vital strategy to encourage leisure time physical activities. The imbalance between the supply and demand of green spaces may lead to environmental and health injustice problems. However, there is a lack of studies on the different spatial dimensions, when residents are considered, in homogeneous groups as a community, especially regarding various settling modes in China. Thus,it is of great significance to study the relationship between green space and leisure time physical activities from the perspective of community differentiation. This study used 776 effective samples(n=1 029) from 20 selected communities in Guangzhou. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the impact factors and underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the residents' leisure time physical activities have notable differences according to the type of community. That is, the residents' average values of low-grade, middle-grade and high-grade communities were 782.99 MET-min/w, 871.70 MET-min/w, and 1 227.91 MET-min/w,respectively. Therefore, attention should be paid to these differences. The multiple linear regression model also illustrated that the significant factors that affect the leisure time physical activity levels in green spaces for the sample include "distance to the nearest park or square," "neighborhood green coverage rate," and "number of fitness facilities." However, the significant factors vary at the level of community types. The influential factor of low-grade communities that impact residents' leisure time physical activities is "distance to the nearest park or square," for middle-grade communities it is "neighborhood green coverage rate," while for high-grade communities it is "number of fitness facilities." From the standpoint of mechanisms, time and monetary costs are the main elements that constrained residents of low-grade communities away from leisure time physical activities,which forced them to choose light-intensity leisure time physical activities such as walking, as their main fitness activity. Neighboring parks or squares undoubtedly are the first choice for these residents. Due to the imbalance between supply and demand in neighborhood greening, a green environment is the main element that affected residents of middle-grade communities, and the fitness opportunities are the main element that affected residents of high-grade communities. The well-equipped fitness facilities around high-grade communities provide these residents with ample opportunities to engage in leisure time physical activities, which makes their leisure time physical activity level far higher than the other two types of communities. To some extent, these findings expose the maladies caused by market-oriented residential space differentiation and the existing problems of green space planning. This study could provide a reference for the optimization of green space distribution and maintenance of social space justice, encouraging residents to participate in leisure time physical activities so as to improve public health.
The continuous development of the social economy has provided us with a modern and intelligent lifestyle, which may also increase citizens' sedentary behaviors. How to improve citizens' leisure time physical activities and public health at a country level has become a popular issue in recent years. Previous studies suggested that enhancing individual access to green spaces is a vital strategy to encourage leisure time physical activities. The imbalance between the supply and demand of green spaces may lead to environmental and health injustice problems. However, there is a lack of studies on the different spatial dimensions, when residents are considered, in homogeneous groups as a community, especially regarding various settling modes in China. Thus,it is of great significance to study the relationship between green space and leisure time physical activities from the perspective of community differentiation. This study used 776 effective samples(n=1 029) from 20 selected communities in Guangzhou. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the impact factors and underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the residents' leisure time physical activities have notable differences according to the type of community. That is, the residents' average values of low-grade, middle-grade and high-grade communities were 782.99 MET-min/w, 871.70 MET-min/w, and 1 227.91 MET-min/w,respectively. Therefore, attention should be paid to these differences. The multiple linear regression model also illustrated that the significant factors that affect the leisure time physical activity levels in green spaces for the sample include "distance to the nearest park or square," "neighborhood green coverage rate," and "number of fitness facilities." However, the significant factors vary at the level of community types. The influential factor of low-grade communities that impact residents' leisure time physical activities is "distance to the nearest park or square," for middle-grade communities it is "neighborhood green coverage rate," while for high-grade communities it is "number of fitness facilities." From the standpoint of mechanisms, time and monetary costs are the main elements that constrained residents of low-grade communities away from leisure time physical activities,which forced them to choose light-intensity leisure time physical activities such as walking, as their main fitness activity. Neighboring parks or squares undoubtedly are the first choice for these residents. Due to the imbalance between supply and demand in neighborhood greening, a green environment is the main element that affected residents of middle-grade communities, and the fitness opportunities are the main element that affected residents of high-grade communities. The well-equipped fitness facilities around high-grade communities provide these residents with ample opportunities to engage in leisure time physical activities, which makes their leisure time physical activity level far higher than the other two types of communities. To some extent, these findings expose the maladies caused by market-oriented residential space differentiation and the existing problems of green space planning. This study could provide a reference for the optimization of green space distribution and maintenance of social space justice, encouraging residents to participate in leisure time physical activities so as to improve public health.
引文
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Brownson R C,Hoehner C M,Day K,Forsyth A and Sallis J F.2009.Measuring the built environment for physical activity:state of the science.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,36(4):S99-S123.
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Dergance J M,Calmbach W L,Dhanda R,Miles T P,Hazuda H P and Mouton C P.2003.Barriers to and benefits of leisure time physical activity in the elderly:Differences across cultures.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,51(6):863-868.
冯建喜,黄旭,汤爽爽.2017.客观与主观建成环境对老年人不同体力活动影响机制研究--以南京为例.上海城市规划,(3):17-23.[Feng Jianxi,Huang Xu and Tang Shuangshuang.2017.Comparing the influences of objective and subjective built environments on physical activities participation among the elderly:A case study of Nanjing,China.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,(3):17-23.]
高军波,周春山,江海燕,叶昌东.2010.广州城市公共服务设施供给空间分异研究.人文地理,25(3):78-83.[Gao Junbo,Zhou Chunshan,Jiang Haiyan and Ye Changdong.2010.The research on the spatial differentiation of the urban public service facilities distribution in Guangzhou.Human Geography,25(3):78-83.]
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韩西丽,Catharina Sternudd,赵文强.2011.城市儿童户外体力活动研究进展.人文地理,26(6):29-33.[Han Xili,Catharina Sternudd and Zhao Wenqiang.2011.Progress in the research on children’s outdoor physical activity in cities.Human Geography,26(6):29-33.]
何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.2017.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素.地理研究,36(6):1053-1064.[He Jiaming,Zhou Suhong and Xie Xuemei.2017.Female residents’daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou,China.Geographical Research,36(6):1053-1064.]
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IPAQ Group.2002.International physical activity questionnaire.(2015-03-24)[2018-05-22].https://hhs.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/IPAQ_LONG_SELF_02-11-14.pdf.
IPAQ Group.2005.Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ)-Short and Long Forms.(2005-11-02)[2018-05-22].https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=5641f4c36143250eac8b45b7&assetKey=AS%3A294237418606593%401447163075131.
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江海燕,周春山.2011.广州公园绿地的服务特征及其成因分析.热带地理,31(4):397-402.[Jiang Haiyan and Zhou Chunshan.2011.Service characters of public parks in Guangzhou and their causes.Tropical Geography,31(4):397-402.]
Kaczynski A T,Potwarka L R and Saelens B E.2008.Association of park size,distance,and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks.American Journal of Public Health,98(8):1451-1456.
Kaczynski A T,Potwarka L R,Smale B J A and Havitz M E.2009.Association of parkland proximity with neighborhood and park-based physical activity:Variations by gender and age.Leisure Sciences,31(2):174-191.
李晓蕴,朱传耿.2005.我国对城市社区分异的研究综述.城市发展研究,12(5):76-81.[Li Xiaoyun and Zhu Chuangeng.2005.A summary of the studies on separation of urban communities in China.Urban Development Studies,12(5):76-81.]
李志明,樊荣甜.2017.国外开放空间研究演进与前沿热点的可视化分析.国际城市规划,32(6):34-41.[Li Zhiming and Fan Rongtian.2017.Visualization analysis of foreign open space research evolution and frontiers.Urban Planning International,32(6):34-41.]
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Maas J,Verheij R A,Groenewegen P P,Vries S D and Spreeuwenberg P.2006.Green space,urbanity,and health:How strong is the relation?Journal of Epidemiology&Community Health,60(7):587-592.
Melis G,Gelormino E,Marra G,Ferracin E and Costa G.2015.The effects of the urban built environment on mental health:A cohort study in a large northern Italian city.International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,12(11):14898-14915.
Millward H,Spinney J and Scott D.2013.Active-transport walking behavior:Destinations,durations,distances.Journal of Transport Geography,28:101-110.
齐兰兰,周素红.2018.邻里建成环境对居民外出型休闲活动时空差异的影响--以广州市为例.地理科学,38(1):31-40.[Qi Lanlan and Zhou Suhong.2018.The influence of neighborhood built environments on the spatial-temporal characteristics of residents’daily leisure activities:A case study of Guangzhou.Scientia Geographica Sinica,38(1):31-40.]
Reis R S,Kelly C M,Parra D C,Barros M,Gomes G,Malta D,Schmid Tand Brownson R C.2012.Developing a research agenda for promoting physical activity in Brazil through environmental and policy change.Revista Panamericana De Salud Pública,32(2):93-100.
Schipperijn J,Bentsen P,Troelsen J,Toftager M and Stigsdotter U K.2013.Associations between physical activity and characteristics of urban green space.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,12(1):109-116.
Sharma-brymer V,Brymer E and Davids K.2015.The relationship between physical activity in green space and human health and wellbeing:An ecological dynamics perspective.Journal of Physical Education Research,2(1):7-22.
谭少华,洪颖.2015.居住绿地的使用与城市居民健康的关系研究.建筑与文化,(2):108-109.[Tan Shaohua and Hong Ying.2015.A Study on the relationship between the residential green space use and city residents'health.Architecture&Culture,(2):108-109.]
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Barnett T A,Gauvin L,Craig C L and Katzmarzyk P T.2008.Distinct trajectories of leisure time physical activity and predictors of trajectory class membership:A 22 year cohort study.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition&Physical Activity,5(1):57-57.
Brownson R C,Hoehner C M,Day K,Forsyth A and Sallis J F.2009.Measuring the built environment for physical activity:state of the science.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,36(4):S99-S123.
Caspersen C J,Powell K E and Christenson G M.1985.Physical activity,exercise,and physical fitness:Definitions and distinctions for health-related research.Public Health Reports,100(2):126-131.
Chau K W.2001.The pricing of“luckiness”in the apartment market.Journal of Real Estate Literature,9(1):29-40.
柴彦威,马静,张文佳.2010.基于巡回的北京市居民出行时空间决策的社区分异.地理研究,29(10):1725-1734.[Chai Yanwei,Ma Jing and Zhang Wenjia.2010.The residential differentiation of tour-based spatio-temporal decision-making of travel behavior in Beijing City.Geographical Research,29(10):1725-1734.]
陈庆果,温煦.2014.建成环境与休闲性体力活动关系的研究:系统综述.体育与科学,35(1):46-51.[Chen Qingguo and Wen Xu.2014.Studies on built environment and leisure time physical activity:System review.Sports&Science,35(1):46-51.]
Dergance J M,Calmbach W L,Dhanda R,Miles T P,Hazuda H P and Mouton C P.2003.Barriers to and benefits of leisure time physical activity in the elderly:Differences across cultures.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,51(6):863-868.
冯建喜,黄旭,汤爽爽.2017.客观与主观建成环境对老年人不同体力活动影响机制研究--以南京为例.上海城市规划,(3):17-23.[Feng Jianxi,Huang Xu and Tang Shuangshuang.2017.Comparing the influences of objective and subjective built environments on physical activities participation among the elderly:A case study of Nanjing,China.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,(3):17-23.]
高军波,周春山,江海燕,叶昌东.2010.广州城市公共服务设施供给空间分异研究.人文地理,25(3):78-83.[Gao Junbo,Zhou Chunshan,Jiang Haiyan and Ye Changdong.2010.The research on the spatial differentiation of the urban public service facilities distribution in Guangzhou.Human Geography,25(3):78-83.]
国家体育总局.2015.2014年全民健身活动状况调查公报.(2015-11-16)[2018-10-10].http://www.sport.gov.cn/n16/n1077/n1422/7300210.html.[General Administration of Sport of China.2015.Survey bulletin of national fitness activities,2014.(2015-11-16)[2018-10-10].http://www.sport.gov.cn/n16/n1077/n1422/7300210.html.]
韩西丽,Catharina Sternudd,赵文强.2011.城市儿童户外体力活动研究进展.人文地理,26(6):29-33.[Han Xili,Catharina Sternudd and Zhao Wenqiang.2011.Progress in the research on children’s outdoor physical activity in cities.Human Geography,26(6):29-33.]
何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.2017.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素.地理研究,36(6):1053-1064.[He Jiaming,Zhou Suhong and Xie Xuemei.2017.Female residents’daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou,China.Geographical Research,36(6):1053-1064.]
Heynen N,Perkins H A and Roy P.2006.The political ecology of uneven urban green space:The impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee.Urban Affairs Review,42:3-25.
Humpel N,Owen N and Leslie E.2002.Environmental factors associated with adults’participation in physical activity:A review.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,22(3):188-199.
IPAQ Group.2002.International physical activity questionnaire.(2015-03-24)[2018-05-22].https://hhs.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/IPAQ_LONG_SELF_02-11-14.pdf.
IPAQ Group.2005.Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ)-Short and Long Forms.(2005-11-02)[2018-05-22].https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=5641f4c36143250eac8b45b7&assetKey=AS%3A294237418606593%401447163075131.
江海燕,肖荣波,周春山.2010.广州中心城区公园绿地消费的社会分异特征及供给对策.规划师,26(2):66-72.[Jiang Haiyan,Xiao Rongbo and Zhou Chunshan.2010.The consumption’s social differentiation and supply’s strategies of Guangzhou central district’s public parks.Planners,26(2):66-72.]
江海燕,周春山.2011.广州公园绿地的服务特征及其成因分析.热带地理,31(4):397-402.[Jiang Haiyan and Zhou Chunshan.2011.Service characters of public parks in Guangzhou and their causes.Tropical Geography,31(4):397-402.]
Kaczynski A T,Potwarka L R and Saelens B E.2008.Association of park size,distance,and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks.American Journal of Public Health,98(8):1451-1456.
Kaczynski A T,Potwarka L R,Smale B J A and Havitz M E.2009.Association of parkland proximity with neighborhood and park-based physical activity:Variations by gender and age.Leisure Sciences,31(2):174-191.
李晓蕴,朱传耿.2005.我国对城市社区分异的研究综述.城市发展研究,12(5):76-81.[Li Xiaoyun and Zhu Chuangeng.2005.A summary of the studies on separation of urban communities in China.Urban Development Studies,12(5):76-81.]
李志明,樊荣甜.2017.国外开放空间研究演进与前沿热点的可视化分析.国际城市规划,32(6):34-41.[Li Zhiming and Fan Rongtian.2017.Visualization analysis of foreign open space research evolution and frontiers.Urban Planning International,32(6):34-41.]
吕雪梦.2011.基于住宅选择视角的城市居住空间分异研究.杭州:浙江大学.[Lyu Xuemeng.2011.An empirical study on residential spatial differentiation:Base on residential choice perspective.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University.]
Maas J,Verheij R A,Groenewegen P P,Vries S D and Spreeuwenberg P.2006.Green space,urbanity,and health:How strong is the relation?Journal of Epidemiology&Community Health,60(7):587-592.
Melis G,Gelormino E,Marra G,Ferracin E and Costa G.2015.The effects of the urban built environment on mental health:A cohort study in a large northern Italian city.International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,12(11):14898-14915.
Millward H,Spinney J and Scott D.2013.Active-transport walking behavior:Destinations,durations,distances.Journal of Transport Geography,28:101-110.
齐兰兰,周素红.2018.邻里建成环境对居民外出型休闲活动时空差异的影响--以广州市为例.地理科学,38(1):31-40.[Qi Lanlan and Zhou Suhong.2018.The influence of neighborhood built environments on the spatial-temporal characteristics of residents’daily leisure activities:A case study of Guangzhou.Scientia Geographica Sinica,38(1):31-40.]
Reis R S,Kelly C M,Parra D C,Barros M,Gomes G,Malta D,Schmid Tand Brownson R C.2012.Developing a research agenda for promoting physical activity in Brazil through environmental and policy change.Revista Panamericana De Salud Pública,32(2):93-100.
Schipperijn J,Bentsen P,Troelsen J,Toftager M and Stigsdotter U K.2013.Associations between physical activity and characteristics of urban green space.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,12(1):109-116.
Sharma-brymer V,Brymer E and Davids K.2015.The relationship between physical activity in green space and human health and wellbeing:An ecological dynamics perspective.Journal of Physical Education Research,2(1):7-22.
谭少华,洪颖.2015.居住绿地的使用与城市居民健康的关系研究.建筑与文化,(2):108-109.[Tan Shaohua and Hong Ying.2015.A Study on the relationship between the residential green space use and city residents'health.Architecture&Culture,(2):108-109.]
Tse R Y C and Love P E D.2000.Measuring residential property values in Hong Kong.Property Management,18:366-374.
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