主谓谓语句的“基线/加工”模式
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摘要
现代汉语中的主谓谓语句存在一种谓语表事件的类型,无论是从主谓结构分析还是话题-述题分析都面临难以解决的困难。"基线/加工"理论模型可以解决上述问题。其核心优势在于兼顾了句法生成的线性序列、配对联系与累进发展,以至于对其他汉语复杂主谓谓语句,如话题链条句、多话题句都具有很强的解释力。"基线/加工"在某种意义上是信息结构的一种组织方式,信息组块与被加工成分的性质保证了模型解释力的预测性与灵活性。
There is a convoluted type of the S-P predicate sentence in Chinese in which the predicate refers to an event. This sort of sentence presents unresolvable difficulties for the existing analyses including the S-P scheme and the topic-comment interpretation. The baseline elaboration theory, however, provides a valid solution to the difficulties because it takes into consideration the seriality, coupling and cumulation of structural processing, therefore offering a cogent account for the convoluted type of the Chinese S-P predicate sentences like the topic chain sentence and the multiple-topic sentence. In essence, baseline elaboration is a mechanism to organize information structure, and through information chunking and the nature of elaborated components the predictability and flexibility of its explanatory power is ensured.
There is a convoluted type of the S-P predicate sentence in Chinese in which the predicate refers to an event. This sort of sentence presents unresolvable difficulties for the existing analyses including the S-P scheme and the topic-comment interpretation. The baseline elaboration theory, however, provides a valid solution to the difficulties because it takes into consideration the seriality, coupling and cumulation of structural processing, therefore offering a cogent account for the convoluted type of the Chinese S-P predicate sentences like the topic chain sentence and the multiple-topic sentence. In essence, baseline elaboration is a mechanism to organize information structure, and through information chunking and the nature of elaborated components the predictability and flexibility of its explanatory power is ensured.
引文
Chafe,W.G.1976.Contrastiveness,definiteness,subjects,topics and point of view.In C.N.Li(ed.).Subject and Topic.New York:Academic Press,27-55.
Chao,Yuen Ren(赵元任)著,吕叔湘译,1979,《汉语口语语法》.北京:商务印书馆。原著:1968.A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
Du Bois,J.W.2014.Towards a dialogic syntax.Cognitive Linguistics 25:359-410.
Feng,Yuli(冯予力).2017.On the characterization of mood expressions in the light of dynamic semantics.Contemporary Rhetoric(4):68-78.[2017,论动态语义理论视角下的语气成分研究.《当代修辞学》第4期:68-78.]
Gudel,J.K.1988.Universals of topic-comment structure.In M.Hammond,E.Moravesik&J.Wirth(eds.).Studies in Syntactic Typology.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,209-239.
Heim,I.1982.The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases.Ph.D.dissertation,University of Massachusetts,Amherst,MA.
Hummel,Martin.2018.Baseline elaboration and echo-sounding at the adjective adverb interface.Cognitive Linguistics 29(3):407-452.
Karttunen,L.1976.Discourse referents.In J.McCawley(ed.).Syntax and semantics 7:Notes from the Linguistic Underground.New York:Academic Press,363-385.
Lambrecht,K.1994.Information Structure and Sentence Form.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Langacker,R.W.2012.Elliptic coordination.Cognitive Linguistics 23(3):555-599.
Langacker,R.W.2016.Baseline and elaboration.Cognitive Linguistics 27(3):405-439.
Lapolla,R.J.1993.Arguments against‘subject’and‘direct object’as viable concepts in Chinese.Bulletin of the Institute of History&Philology 63(4):759-813.
Li,C.N.&S.A.Thompson.1976.Subject and topic:A new typology of language.In C.N.Li(ed.).Subject and Topic.New York:Academic Press,457-489.
Li,C.N.&S.A.Thompson.1981.Mandarin Chinese:A Functional Reference Grammar.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Lu,Bingfu(陆丙甫)&Cai,Zhenguang(蔡振光).2009.Chunking and structural complexity of linguistic units.Chinese Teaching in the World(1):3-16.[2009,“组块”与语言结构难度.《世界汉语教学》第1期:3-16.]
Meng,Weizhi(孟维智).1983.On characteristics of S-P predicate sentence.Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)(2):112-120.[1983,试论主谓谓语句的特点.《山西大学学报(哲学社科版)》第2期:112-120.]
Pan,Haihua(潘海华)&Hu,Jianhua(胡建华).2008.A semantic-pragmatic interface account of(dangling)topics in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Pragmatics 40:1966-1981.
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏),Ren,Zhiying(任芝锳),Li,Jiashu(李家树),Shui,Changxi(税昌锡)&Wu,Lihong(吴立红).2009.Special Studies on Chinese Grammar.Beijing:Peking University Press.[2009,《汉语语法专题研究》.北京:北京大学出版社.]
Shi,Dingxu(石定栩).2000.Topic and topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese.Language 76:383-408.
Yang,Xiaolong(杨小龙)&Wu,Yingcheng(吴义诚).2015.The linearity of topic structures in Chinese.Journal of Foreign Languages(1):55-63.[2015,论话题结构生成的线性机制.《外国语》第1期:55-63.]
Yuan,Yulin(袁毓林).2018a.Conceptual metonymy in Chinese and its grammatical consequences.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(1):30-43.[2018a,汉语中的概念转喻及其语法学后果.《语言教学与研究》第1期:30-43.]
Yuan,Yulin(袁毓林).2018b.Syntactic features of separable words used in separation:From a perspective of formal metonymy.Contemporary Linguistics(4):587-604.[2018b,从形式转喻看离合词分开使用的句法性质.《当代语言学》第4期:587-604.]
Zhang,Bojiang(张伯江).2018.Non-argument syntactic components in Modern Chinese.Chinese Teaching in the World(4):442-455.[2018,现代汉语的非论元性句法成分.《世界汉语教学》第4期:442-455.]
Zhang,Yi(张翼).2018.Constructional semantics of English elliptic structures:A baseline/elaboration organization account.Foreign Languages Research(3):6-10.[2018,英语省略结构的构式语义研究:“基线/加工”模式的解释.《外语研究》第3期:6-10.]
1需要注意的是,以上步骤对句子处理的基本单元不是NP、VP这样的句法单位,而是组块(chunking),即储存在工作记忆中有意义、可识别的基本语言信息单位。人类一般能够在言说中短时储存的组块数是7 ±2个(陆丙甫、蔡振光2009)。组块的切分是存在个体差异的,不过无论采用颗粒度更大或者更小的组块单元,“基线/加工”识解机制依然成立,无非是减少或增加B/E层次。
2话题链条句是类似“那个人年纪比我稍大,模样挺清秀,留着一头长发,一望便知是个专业画画的”这样一个主话题被多个主谓短语陈述的句子,多话题句是类似“其实文艺作品小说也好,电视剧也好,还是屏幕形象也好,陌生感越强,大家越会关注它”这样多个话题被一个主谓短语陈述的句子(参见杨小龙、吴义诚2015)。
Chao,Yuen Ren(赵元任)著,吕叔湘译,1979,《汉语口语语法》.北京:商务印书馆。原著:1968.A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
Du Bois,J.W.2014.Towards a dialogic syntax.Cognitive Linguistics 25:359-410.
Feng,Yuli(冯予力).2017.On the characterization of mood expressions in the light of dynamic semantics.Contemporary Rhetoric(4):68-78.[2017,论动态语义理论视角下的语气成分研究.《当代修辞学》第4期:68-78.]
Gudel,J.K.1988.Universals of topic-comment structure.In M.Hammond,E.Moravesik&J.Wirth(eds.).Studies in Syntactic Typology.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,209-239.
Heim,I.1982.The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases.Ph.D.dissertation,University of Massachusetts,Amherst,MA.
Hummel,Martin.2018.Baseline elaboration and echo-sounding at the adjective adverb interface.Cognitive Linguistics 29(3):407-452.
Karttunen,L.1976.Discourse referents.In J.McCawley(ed.).Syntax and semantics 7:Notes from the Linguistic Underground.New York:Academic Press,363-385.
Lambrecht,K.1994.Information Structure and Sentence Form.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Langacker,R.W.2012.Elliptic coordination.Cognitive Linguistics 23(3):555-599.
Langacker,R.W.2016.Baseline and elaboration.Cognitive Linguistics 27(3):405-439.
Lapolla,R.J.1993.Arguments against‘subject’and‘direct object’as viable concepts in Chinese.Bulletin of the Institute of History&Philology 63(4):759-813.
Li,C.N.&S.A.Thompson.1976.Subject and topic:A new typology of language.In C.N.Li(ed.).Subject and Topic.New York:Academic Press,457-489.
Li,C.N.&S.A.Thompson.1981.Mandarin Chinese:A Functional Reference Grammar.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Lu,Bingfu(陆丙甫)&Cai,Zhenguang(蔡振光).2009.Chunking and structural complexity of linguistic units.Chinese Teaching in the World(1):3-16.[2009,“组块”与语言结构难度.《世界汉语教学》第1期:3-16.]
Meng,Weizhi(孟维智).1983.On characteristics of S-P predicate sentence.Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)(2):112-120.[1983,试论主谓谓语句的特点.《山西大学学报(哲学社科版)》第2期:112-120.]
Pan,Haihua(潘海华)&Hu,Jianhua(胡建华).2008.A semantic-pragmatic interface account of(dangling)topics in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Pragmatics 40:1966-1981.
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏),Ren,Zhiying(任芝锳),Li,Jiashu(李家树),Shui,Changxi(税昌锡)&Wu,Lihong(吴立红).2009.Special Studies on Chinese Grammar.Beijing:Peking University Press.[2009,《汉语语法专题研究》.北京:北京大学出版社.]
Shi,Dingxu(石定栩).2000.Topic and topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese.Language 76:383-408.
Yang,Xiaolong(杨小龙)&Wu,Yingcheng(吴义诚).2015.The linearity of topic structures in Chinese.Journal of Foreign Languages(1):55-63.[2015,论话题结构生成的线性机制.《外国语》第1期:55-63.]
Yuan,Yulin(袁毓林).2018a.Conceptual metonymy in Chinese and its grammatical consequences.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(1):30-43.[2018a,汉语中的概念转喻及其语法学后果.《语言教学与研究》第1期:30-43.]
Yuan,Yulin(袁毓林).2018b.Syntactic features of separable words used in separation:From a perspective of formal metonymy.Contemporary Linguistics(4):587-604.[2018b,从形式转喻看离合词分开使用的句法性质.《当代语言学》第4期:587-604.]
Zhang,Bojiang(张伯江).2018.Non-argument syntactic components in Modern Chinese.Chinese Teaching in the World(4):442-455.[2018,现代汉语的非论元性句法成分.《世界汉语教学》第4期:442-455.]
Zhang,Yi(张翼).2018.Constructional semantics of English elliptic structures:A baseline/elaboration organization account.Foreign Languages Research(3):6-10.[2018,英语省略结构的构式语义研究:“基线/加工”模式的解释.《外语研究》第3期:6-10.]
1需要注意的是,以上步骤对句子处理的基本单元不是NP、VP这样的句法单位,而是组块(chunking),即储存在工作记忆中有意义、可识别的基本语言信息单位。人类一般能够在言说中短时储存的组块数是7 ±2个(陆丙甫、蔡振光2009)。组块的切分是存在个体差异的,不过无论采用颗粒度更大或者更小的组块单元,“基线/加工”识解机制依然成立,无非是减少或增加B/E层次。
2话题链条句是类似“那个人年纪比我稍大,模样挺清秀,留着一头长发,一望便知是个专业画画的”这样一个主话题被多个主谓短语陈述的句子,多话题句是类似“其实文艺作品小说也好,电视剧也好,还是屏幕形象也好,陌生感越强,大家越会关注它”这样多个话题被一个主谓短语陈述的句子(参见杨小龙、吴义诚2015)。