川西亚高山五种主要森林类型凋落物组成及动态
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摘要
利用连续收获法研究了川西亚高山老龄林(VF)、桦木林(BF)、次生针阔混交林(MF)、人工云杉林(AF)及高山栎灌丛(AO) 5种主要森林类型的凋落物组成及其动态,目的在于探索不同恢复途径对森林凋落物组成和产量的影响。结果表明,5种森林类型的全年凋落产量大小依次为VF(4.32 t/hm~2)、MF(4.10 t/hm~2)、BF(3.52 t/hm~2)、AO(3.01 t/hm~2)、AF(2.34 t/hm~2)。AF全年凋落量显著小于其他3种乔木森林类型(VF,BF,MF)(P <0. 05)。各森林类型的叶片年凋落量占总量比例均超过70%。VF、AF、AO均在生长前期(前一年10月至当年5月)达到最大凋落量2.41,1.29,1.63 t/hm~2; BF、MF凋落产量在生长季后期(当年7月至10月)到达最大值,分别为1.34,1.80 t/hm~2。常绿针叶树为主的VF、AF叶片凋落物样地间变异显著高于落叶阔叶树为主的BF、MF,表明其对立地条件的响应更为敏感。林分密度与胸高断面积组合因子更能反映凋落物特征。
Litter composition was investigated for a whole year in five representative forest types: virgin forest(VF),secondary birch forest(BF),secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest(MF),artificial spruce forest(AF),and alpine oak(AO),in west Sichuan,in order to understand the litter dynamic and spatial variation among different restoration approaches. The annual litter production for VF,MF,BF,AO,and AF was 4.32,4.10,3.52,3.01,and 2.34t/hm~2,respectively. Litter production was significantly lower in AF than that in the other three forest types(VF,BF,and MF). More than 70% of annual litter was leaf in all forest types. Litter production of VF,AF,and AO reached its peak value(2.41,1.29,and 1.63 t/hm~2,respectively) in the pre-growing season(previous October—May),while that for BFand MF achieved their maximum(1.34 and 1.80 t/hm~2,respectively) in the late growing season(July—October). Spatial variation of leaf litter for VF and AF,both composed of evergreen coniferous species,was significantly greater than that for BF and MF,with more deciduous species. Spatial variation analysis indicated that sensitivity of litter production to stand condition was higher for evergreen coniferous forest(VF,AF) than that for deciduous forest. The combination of stand density and area at breast height was advantageous in evaluating litter production.
Litter composition was investigated for a whole year in five representative forest types: virgin forest(VF),secondary birch forest(BF),secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest(MF),artificial spruce forest(AF),and alpine oak(AO),in west Sichuan,in order to understand the litter dynamic and spatial variation among different restoration approaches. The annual litter production for VF,MF,BF,AO,and AF was 4.32,4.10,3.52,3.01,and 2.34t/hm~2,respectively. Litter production was significantly lower in AF than that in the other three forest types(VF,BF,and MF). More than 70% of annual litter was leaf in all forest types. Litter production of VF,AF,and AO reached its peak value(2.41,1.29,and 1.63 t/hm~2,respectively) in the pre-growing season(previous October—May),while that for BFand MF achieved their maximum(1.34 and 1.80 t/hm~2,respectively) in the late growing season(July—October). Spatial variation of leaf litter for VF and AF,both composed of evergreen coniferous species,was significantly greater than that for BF and MF,with more deciduous species. Spatial variation analysis indicated that sensitivity of litter production to stand condition was higher for evergreen coniferous forest(VF,AF) than that for deciduous forest. The combination of stand density and area at breast height was advantageous in evaluating litter production.
引文
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[8]张远东,刘世荣,赵常明.川西亚高山森林恢复的空间格局分析.应用生态学报,2005,16(9):1706-1710.
[9]张远东,赵常明,刘世荣.川西亚高山人工云杉林和自然恢复演替系列的林地水文效应.自然资源学报,2004,19(6):761-768.
[10]蒋有绪.川西亚高山暗针叶林的群落特点及其分类原则.植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1963,1(S1):42-50.
[11]马姜明,刘世荣,史作民,张远东,康冰,陈宝玉.川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中群落物种组成和多样性的变化.林业科学,2007,43(5):17-23.
[12]刘彦春,张远东,刘世荣.川西亚高山次生桦木林恢复过程中的生物量、生产力与材积变化.生态学报,2010,30(3):594-601.
[13]刘彦春,张远东,刘世荣,张笑鹤.川西亚高山针阔混交林乔木层生物量、生产力随海拔梯度的变化.生态学报,2010,30(21):5810-5820.
[14]鲜骏仁,张远彬,王开运,胡庭兴,杨华.川西亚高山5种森林生态系统的碳格局.植物生态学报,2009,33(2):283-290.
[15]林波,刘庆,吴彦,庞学勇,何海.川西亚高山针叶林凋落物对土壤理化性质的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(4):346-351.
[16]齐泽民,王开运,张远彬.川西亚高山林线交错带及邻近植被土壤细菌生理群数量特征.林业科学,2010,46(2):12-18.
[17]林波,刘庆,吴彦,何海,乔永康.亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中凋落物动态分析.应用生态学报,2004,15(9):1491-1496.
[18]刘增文,段而军,潘开文,张丽萍,杜红霞.川西亚高山人工林碳氮分配格局及其随凋落叶分解的释放规律.应用生态学报,2009,20(1):1-6.
[19]宿以明,刘兴良,何飞,柯金.云杉人工林凋落物研究.四川林业科技,2005,26(5):49-51,98-98.
[20]张远东,刘世荣,罗传文,张国斌,马姜明.川西亚高山林区不同土地利用与土地覆盖的地被物及土壤持水特征.生态学报,2009,29(2):627-635.
[21] Starra M,Saarsalmib A,Hokkanenb T,MerilP,Helmisaari H S. Models of litterfall production for Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)in Finland using stand,site and climate factors. Forest Ecology and Management,2005,205(1/3):215-225
[22] Scherer-Lorenzen M,Bonilla J L,Potvin C. Tree species richness affects litter production and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity experiment. Oikos,2007,116(12):2108-2124.
[23] Bray J R,Gorham E. Litter production in forests of the world. Advances in Ecological Research,1964,2:101-157.
[24]霍小鹏,李贤伟,张健,张兴华,代杰,张良辉.川西亚高山人工针叶林枯落物持水与土壤渗透性能.长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(5):540-546.
[25]杨清伟.贡嘎山峨眉冷杉原始林及其更新群落凋落物的特征.植物资源与环境学报,2001,10(3):35-38.
[2] Yang W Q,Wang K Y,Kellomki S,Gong H D. Litter dynamics of three subalpine forests in western Sichuan. Pedosphere,2005,15(5):653-659.
[3] Sundarapandian S M,Swamy P S. Litter production and leaf-litter decomposition of selected tree species in tropical forests at Kodayar in the Western Ghats,India. Forest Ecology and Management,1999,123(2/3):231-244.
[4] Xuluc-Tolosa F,Vester H F M,RamíRez-Marcial N,Castellanos-Albores J,Lawrence D. Leaf litter decomposition of tree species in three successional phases of tropical dry secondary forest in Campeche,Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,174(1/3):401-412.
[5] Meentemeyer V,Box E O,Thompson R. World patterns and amounts of terrestrial plant litter production. Bioscience,1982,32(2):125-128.
[6]王凤友,王业蘧.小兴安岭南坡原始森林植物群落植物生态种组的数量划分.东北林业大学学报,1987,(6):1-7.
[7] Pandey R R,Sharma G,Tripathi S K,Singh A K. Litterfall,litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in a subtropical natural oak forest and managed plantation in northeastern India. Forest Ecology and Management,2007,240(1/3):96-104.
[8]张远东,刘世荣,赵常明.川西亚高山森林恢复的空间格局分析.应用生态学报,2005,16(9):1706-1710.
[9]张远东,赵常明,刘世荣.川西亚高山人工云杉林和自然恢复演替系列的林地水文效应.自然资源学报,2004,19(6):761-768.
[10]蒋有绪.川西亚高山暗针叶林的群落特点及其分类原则.植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1963,1(S1):42-50.
[11]马姜明,刘世荣,史作民,张远东,康冰,陈宝玉.川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中群落物种组成和多样性的变化.林业科学,2007,43(5):17-23.
[12]刘彦春,张远东,刘世荣.川西亚高山次生桦木林恢复过程中的生物量、生产力与材积变化.生态学报,2010,30(3):594-601.
[13]刘彦春,张远东,刘世荣,张笑鹤.川西亚高山针阔混交林乔木层生物量、生产力随海拔梯度的变化.生态学报,2010,30(21):5810-5820.
[14]鲜骏仁,张远彬,王开运,胡庭兴,杨华.川西亚高山5种森林生态系统的碳格局.植物生态学报,2009,33(2):283-290.
[15]林波,刘庆,吴彦,庞学勇,何海.川西亚高山针叶林凋落物对土壤理化性质的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(4):346-351.
[16]齐泽民,王开运,张远彬.川西亚高山林线交错带及邻近植被土壤细菌生理群数量特征.林业科学,2010,46(2):12-18.
[17]林波,刘庆,吴彦,何海,乔永康.亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中凋落物动态分析.应用生态学报,2004,15(9):1491-1496.
[18]刘增文,段而军,潘开文,张丽萍,杜红霞.川西亚高山人工林碳氮分配格局及其随凋落叶分解的释放规律.应用生态学报,2009,20(1):1-6.
[19]宿以明,刘兴良,何飞,柯金.云杉人工林凋落物研究.四川林业科技,2005,26(5):49-51,98-98.
[20]张远东,刘世荣,罗传文,张国斌,马姜明.川西亚高山林区不同土地利用与土地覆盖的地被物及土壤持水特征.生态学报,2009,29(2):627-635.
[21] Starra M,Saarsalmib A,Hokkanenb T,MerilP,Helmisaari H S. Models of litterfall production for Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)in Finland using stand,site and climate factors. Forest Ecology and Management,2005,205(1/3):215-225
[22] Scherer-Lorenzen M,Bonilla J L,Potvin C. Tree species richness affects litter production and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity experiment. Oikos,2007,116(12):2108-2124.
[23] Bray J R,Gorham E. Litter production in forests of the world. Advances in Ecological Research,1964,2:101-157.
[24]霍小鹏,李贤伟,张健,张兴华,代杰,张良辉.川西亚高山人工针叶林枯落物持水与土壤渗透性能.长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(5):540-546.
[25]杨清伟.贡嘎山峨眉冷杉原始林及其更新群落凋落物的特征.植物资源与环境学报,2001,10(3):35-38.