软X射线激光背光阴影成像技术的空间分辨研究
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摘要
软X射线激光阴影成像技术是一种诊断高温稠密等离子体临界面附近阴影轮廓的诊断技术,具有测量视场大、空间分辨能力高的特点,具有重要的应用前景.对该技术的空间分辨具体能够达到什么程度则没有进行过系统研究.本文分别从光路几何、衍射极限、成像像差三个方面进行了仔细分析,结果表明目前采用该技术的诊断系统能够达到约2μm的空间分辨.主要受限是光路几何因素,通过增加放大倍数、选择单元尺寸更小的接收元器件等方式,有希望达到优于1μm的空间分辨.
The soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique is a good tool for diagnosing shadow profiles near the critical surface of high-temperature dense plasma. The short-pulse plasma X-ray laser, driven by high-power laser, is used as the backlight, which spreads freely approximately 500 mm far, passes through the plasma to be diagnosed, and changes its optical path by using a multi-layer spherical lens and multi-layer plane mirror, is attenuated by filters, and is recorded by a soft X-ray charge-coupled device(CCD). The plasma to be diagnosed can be driven by one or multiple laser beams,according to the needs of the physical research being conducted, and is imaged onto the CCD surface through a multilayer spherical lens. The shadow profile image of the plasma to be diagnosed at a particular time is obtained by using the instantaneous photographic mode of short-pulse soft X-ray laser backlight imaging. Compared with the traditional ke V hard X-ray backlight technique, the soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique has two distinct advantages. One is the appropriate wavelength of the probe light, which makes it possible to diagnose plasma near the critical surfac, and the other is a better spatial resolution because of the use of mature multilayer optical elements for near-normal incidence imaging. However, there has been no systematic study on the extent to which the spatial resolution of the imaging technology can be achieved. In this study, a careful analysis is carried out considering three aspects: the optical path geometry, the diffraction limit, and the imaging aberration. The results show that a spatial resolution of approximately2 μm can be achieved. An experiment is carried out to measure the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of plasma from the lateral direction, by using the soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique. Some microfluids with a width of several microns can be clearly distinguished in the experimental shadow image, indicating that the diagnostic technique has a good spatial resolution. Further analysis reveals that the main factor that limits the spatial resolution is the optical path geometry.It is possible to achieve a spatial resolution of up to 1 μm by increasing the magnification, selecting CCDs with smaller receiving units, etc.
The soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique is a good tool for diagnosing shadow profiles near the critical surface of high-temperature dense plasma. The short-pulse plasma X-ray laser, driven by high-power laser, is used as the backlight, which spreads freely approximately 500 mm far, passes through the plasma to be diagnosed, and changes its optical path by using a multi-layer spherical lens and multi-layer plane mirror, is attenuated by filters, and is recorded by a soft X-ray charge-coupled device(CCD). The plasma to be diagnosed can be driven by one or multiple laser beams,according to the needs of the physical research being conducted, and is imaged onto the CCD surface through a multilayer spherical lens. The shadow profile image of the plasma to be diagnosed at a particular time is obtained by using the instantaneous photographic mode of short-pulse soft X-ray laser backlight imaging. Compared with the traditional ke V hard X-ray backlight technique, the soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique has two distinct advantages. One is the appropriate wavelength of the probe light, which makes it possible to diagnose plasma near the critical surfac, and the other is a better spatial resolution because of the use of mature multilayer optical elements for near-normal incidence imaging. However, there has been no systematic study on the extent to which the spatial resolution of the imaging technology can be achieved. In this study, a careful analysis is carried out considering three aspects: the optical path geometry, the diffraction limit, and the imaging aberration. The results show that a spatial resolution of approximately2 μm can be achieved. An experiment is carried out to measure the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of plasma from the lateral direction, by using the soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique. Some microfluids with a width of several microns can be clearly distinguished in the experimental shadow image, indicating that the diagnostic technique has a good spatial resolution. Further analysis reveals that the main factor that limits the spatial resolution is the optical path geometry.It is possible to achieve a spatial resolution of up to 1 μm by increasing the magnification, selecting CCDs with smaller receiving units, etc.
引文
[1]Lindl J 1995 Phys.Plasmas 2 3933
[2]Lindl J,Landen O,Edwards J,Moses E,NIC Team 2014Phys.Plasmas 21 020501
[3]Woolsey N C,Riley D,Nardi E 1998 Rev.Sci.Instrum.69 418
[4]Glendinning S G,Dixit S N,Hammel B A,Kalantar D H,Key M H,Kilkenny J D,Knauer J P,Pennington D M,Remington B A,Rotenberg J,Wallace R J,Weber S V 1998 Phys.Rev.Lett.80 1904
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[6]Kuranz C C,Blue B E,Drake R P,Robey H F,Hansen J F,Knauer J P,Grosskopf M J,Krauland C,Marion D C 2006 Rev.Sci.Instrum.77 10E327
[7]Reighard A B,Drake R P,Dannenberg K K,Kremer D J,Grosskopf M,Harding E C,Leibrandt D R,Glendinning S G,Perry T S,Remington B A,Greenough J,Knauer J,Boehly T,Bouquet S,Boireau L,Koenig M,Vinci T 2006 Phys.Plasmas 13 082901
[8]Huntington C M,Krauland C M,Kuranz C C,Drake R P,Park H S,Kalantar D H,Maddox B R,Remington B A,Kline J 2010 Rev.Sci.Instrum.81 10E536
[9]Dong J Q,Fu S Z,Xiong J,Wang R R,Huang X G,Shu H,Gu Y,Wang Z S 2008 Acta Opt.Sin.28 604(in Chinese)[董佳钦,傅思祖,熊俊,王瑞荣,黄秀光,舒桦,顾援,王占山2008光学学报28 604]
[10]Jia G,Xiong J,Dong J Q,Xie Z Y,Wu J 2012 Chin.Phys.B 21 095202
[11]Cao Z R,Ding Y K,Dong J J,Deng B,Li Y K,Mu B Z,Yi S Z,Wu J F,Chen T,Zhang J Y,Yang Z W,Yuan Z,Li J,Hu X,Yang Z H,Miao W Y,Jiang W,Yuan Y T,Huang T X,Chen B L,Chen J B,Zhan X Y,Zhang H Y,Kang D G,Gu J F,Ye W H,Wang Z S,Liu S Y,Jiang S E,Zhang B H,Zhang W Y 2015 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27 032013(in Chinese)[曹柱荣,丁永坤,董建军,邓博,黎宇坤,穆宝忠,伊圣振,吴俊峰,陈韬,张继彦,杨志文,袁铮,李晋,胡昕,杨正华,缪文勇,蒋炜,袁永腾,黄天晅,陈伯伦,陈家斌,詹夏雨,张海鹰,康洞国,谷建法,叶文华,王占山,刘慎业,江少恩,张保汉,张维岩2015强激光与粒子束27 032013]
[12]Wang C,Fang Z H,Sun J R,Wang W,Xiong J,Ye J J,Fu S Z,Gu Y,Wang S J,Zheng W D,Ye W H,Qiao X M,Zhang G P 2008 Acta Phys.Sin.57 7770(in Chinese)[王琛,方智恒,孙今人,王伟,熊俊,叶君建,傅思祖,顾援,王世绩,郑无敌,叶文华,乔秀梅,张国平2008物理学报57 7770]
[13]Wang C,Zheng W D,Fang Z H,Sun J R,Wang W,Xiong J,Fu S Z,Gu Y,Wang S J,Qiao X M,Zhang G P 2010 Acta Phys.Sin.59 4767(in Chinese)[王琛,郑无敌,方智恒,孙今人,王伟,熊俊,傅思祖,顾援,王世绩,乔秀梅,张国平2010物理学报59 4767]
[14]Wang C,An H H,Wang W,Fang Z H,Jia G,Meng X F,Sun J R,Liu Z K,Fu S J,Qiao X M,Zheng W D,Wang S J 2014 Acta Phys.Sin.63 125210(in Chinese)[王琛,安红海,王伟,方智恒,贾果,孟祥富,孙今人,刘正坤,付绍军,乔秀梅,郑无敌,王世绩2014物理学报63 125210]
[15]Wang Z S,Wu Y G,Tang W X,Qin S J,Zhou B,Chen L Y 2002 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 14 385(in Chinese)[王占山,吴永刚,唐伟星,秦树基,周斌,陈玲燕2002强激光与粒子束14 385]
[16]Da Silva L B,Barbee T W,Cauble R,Celliers P,Ciarlo D,Libby S,London R A,Matthews D,Mrowka S,Moreno J C,Ress D,Trebes J E,Wan A S,Weber F1995 Phys.Rev.Lett.74 3991
[17]Trebes J E,Brown S B,Campbell E M,Matthews D,Nilson D G,Stone G F,Whelan D A 1987 Science 238517
[18]Da Silva L B,Trebes J E,Balhorn R,Mrowka S,Anderson E,Attwood D T,Barbee T W,Brase J,Corzett M,Gray J 1992 Science 258 269
[19]Born M,Wolf E(translated by Yang J S)2009 Principles of Optics:Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation,Interference and Diffrqction of Light(7th Ed.)(Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry)p382(in Chinese)[波恩,沃尔夫著(杨葭荪译)2009光学原理:光的传播、干涉和衍射的电磁理论(第七版)(北京:电子工业出版社)第382页]
[2]Lindl J,Landen O,Edwards J,Moses E,NIC Team 2014Phys.Plasmas 21 020501
[3]Woolsey N C,Riley D,Nardi E 1998 Rev.Sci.Instrum.69 418
[4]Glendinning S G,Dixit S N,Hammel B A,Kalantar D H,Key M H,Kilkenny J D,Knauer J P,Pennington D M,Remington B A,Rotenberg J,Wallace R J,Weber S V 1998 Phys.Rev.Lett.80 1904
[5]Bradley D K,Landen O L,Bullock A B,Glendinning S G,Turner R E 2002 Opt.Lett.27 134
[6]Kuranz C C,Blue B E,Drake R P,Robey H F,Hansen J F,Knauer J P,Grosskopf M J,Krauland C,Marion D C 2006 Rev.Sci.Instrum.77 10E327
[7]Reighard A B,Drake R P,Dannenberg K K,Kremer D J,Grosskopf M,Harding E C,Leibrandt D R,Glendinning S G,Perry T S,Remington B A,Greenough J,Knauer J,Boehly T,Bouquet S,Boireau L,Koenig M,Vinci T 2006 Phys.Plasmas 13 082901
[8]Huntington C M,Krauland C M,Kuranz C C,Drake R P,Park H S,Kalantar D H,Maddox B R,Remington B A,Kline J 2010 Rev.Sci.Instrum.81 10E536
[9]Dong J Q,Fu S Z,Xiong J,Wang R R,Huang X G,Shu H,Gu Y,Wang Z S 2008 Acta Opt.Sin.28 604(in Chinese)[董佳钦,傅思祖,熊俊,王瑞荣,黄秀光,舒桦,顾援,王占山2008光学学报28 604]
[10]Jia G,Xiong J,Dong J Q,Xie Z Y,Wu J 2012 Chin.Phys.B 21 095202
[11]Cao Z R,Ding Y K,Dong J J,Deng B,Li Y K,Mu B Z,Yi S Z,Wu J F,Chen T,Zhang J Y,Yang Z W,Yuan Z,Li J,Hu X,Yang Z H,Miao W Y,Jiang W,Yuan Y T,Huang T X,Chen B L,Chen J B,Zhan X Y,Zhang H Y,Kang D G,Gu J F,Ye W H,Wang Z S,Liu S Y,Jiang S E,Zhang B H,Zhang W Y 2015 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27 032013(in Chinese)[曹柱荣,丁永坤,董建军,邓博,黎宇坤,穆宝忠,伊圣振,吴俊峰,陈韬,张继彦,杨志文,袁铮,李晋,胡昕,杨正华,缪文勇,蒋炜,袁永腾,黄天晅,陈伯伦,陈家斌,詹夏雨,张海鹰,康洞国,谷建法,叶文华,王占山,刘慎业,江少恩,张保汉,张维岩2015强激光与粒子束27 032013]
[12]Wang C,Fang Z H,Sun J R,Wang W,Xiong J,Ye J J,Fu S Z,Gu Y,Wang S J,Zheng W D,Ye W H,Qiao X M,Zhang G P 2008 Acta Phys.Sin.57 7770(in Chinese)[王琛,方智恒,孙今人,王伟,熊俊,叶君建,傅思祖,顾援,王世绩,郑无敌,叶文华,乔秀梅,张国平2008物理学报57 7770]
[13]Wang C,Zheng W D,Fang Z H,Sun J R,Wang W,Xiong J,Fu S Z,Gu Y,Wang S J,Qiao X M,Zhang G P 2010 Acta Phys.Sin.59 4767(in Chinese)[王琛,郑无敌,方智恒,孙今人,王伟,熊俊,傅思祖,顾援,王世绩,乔秀梅,张国平2010物理学报59 4767]
[14]Wang C,An H H,Wang W,Fang Z H,Jia G,Meng X F,Sun J R,Liu Z K,Fu S J,Qiao X M,Zheng W D,Wang S J 2014 Acta Phys.Sin.63 125210(in Chinese)[王琛,安红海,王伟,方智恒,贾果,孟祥富,孙今人,刘正坤,付绍军,乔秀梅,郑无敌,王世绩2014物理学报63 125210]
[15]Wang Z S,Wu Y G,Tang W X,Qin S J,Zhou B,Chen L Y 2002 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 14 385(in Chinese)[王占山,吴永刚,唐伟星,秦树基,周斌,陈玲燕2002强激光与粒子束14 385]
[16]Da Silva L B,Barbee T W,Cauble R,Celliers P,Ciarlo D,Libby S,London R A,Matthews D,Mrowka S,Moreno J C,Ress D,Trebes J E,Wan A S,Weber F1995 Phys.Rev.Lett.74 3991
[17]Trebes J E,Brown S B,Campbell E M,Matthews D,Nilson D G,Stone G F,Whelan D A 1987 Science 238517
[18]Da Silva L B,Trebes J E,Balhorn R,Mrowka S,Anderson E,Attwood D T,Barbee T W,Brase J,Corzett M,Gray J 1992 Science 258 269
[19]Born M,Wolf E(translated by Yang J S)2009 Principles of Optics:Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation,Interference and Diffrqction of Light(7th Ed.)(Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry)p382(in Chinese)[波恩,沃尔夫著(杨葭荪译)2009光学原理:光的传播、干涉和衍射的电磁理论(第七版)(北京:电子工业出版社)第382页]