神光装置上X射线时空诊断技术概况与展望
|
摘要
在激光惯性约束聚变(Inertial Confinement Fusion,ICF)实验研究中,对X射线的产生和演化过程的诊断和对物理实验参量调控以及模拟程序的校验起着至关重要的作用.针对激光聚变产生的X射线在时间、空间和能谱方面的特点,结合当前物理实验对诊断技术的特殊要求,分别研发了以时间分辨、空间分辨和谱分辨为优势的X射线成像诊断设备.随着我国ICF实验研究的不断深入,国内X射线成像诊断设备的诊断能力得到了大幅度提升,某些自主提出的新概念诊断设备的技术性能甚至优于国外同类型诊断设备.
In the field of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion, temporal and spatial diagnosis of X-ray is very important to the imploded process researches and the simulate procedure verification. According to the temporal, spatial and spectral characteristics of X-ray radiation, many X-ray imaging diagnosis devices were successfully developed. Along with the development of ICF research, especially the Shenguang Ⅲ facility establishment, our X-ray imaging diagnosis capability has been increasingly powerful. Some of the novel diagnosis equipment even have more excellent characteristics than that kind of diagnosis equipment abroad.
In the field of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion, temporal and spatial diagnosis of X-ray is very important to the imploded process researches and the simulate procedure verification. According to the temporal, spatial and spectral characteristics of X-ray radiation, many X-ray imaging diagnosis devices were successfully developed. Along with the development of ICF research, especially the Shenguang Ⅲ facility establishment, our X-ray imaging diagnosis capability has been increasingly powerful. Some of the novel diagnosis equipment even have more excellent characteristics than that kind of diagnosis equipment abroad.
引文
1 Wen S H,Ding Y K.Laser inertial Confinement Fusion Diagnostics(in Chinese).Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2012[温树槐,丁永坤.激光惯性约束聚变诊断学.北京:国防工业出版社,2012]
2 Chang T Q,Zhang J,Zhang J T,et al.Laser-target Plasma Interacting and Laser Fusion(in Chinese).Changsha:Hunan Science and Technology Publishing Company,1990.403–426[常铁强,张钩,张家泰,等.激光等离子体相互作用与激光聚变.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1990.403 –426]
3 Moses E,Lindl J D.The national ignition campaign:Status and progress.In:International Atomic Energy Agency Fusion Energy Conference,San Diego,2012
4 Landen N.NIF Diagnostic Damage and Design Issues.Technical Report,Lawrence Livermore National Lab,1999
5 Kilkenny J D.The role of experimental science in ICF——Examples from X-ray diagnostics and targets.Eur Phys J D,2007,44:289–292
6 Haan S W,Huang H,Johnson M A,et al.Instability growth seeded by oxygen in CH shells on the national ignition facility.Phys Plasm,2015,22:032708
7 Regan S P,Epstein R,Hammel B A,et al.Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets.Phys Rev Lett,2013,111:045001
8 Niu L H,Yang Q L,Niu H B,et al.A wide dynamic range X-ray streak camera system.Rev Sci Instrum,2008,79:023103
9 Hu X,Liu S Y,Ding Y K,et al.Design of SG-Ⅲ X-ray streak camera(in Chinese).Acta Opt Sin,2009,29:2871–2875[胡昕,刘慎业,丁永坤,等.神光Ⅲ主机X射线条纹相机设计.光学学报,2009,29:2871–2875]
10 Kimbrough J R,Bell P M,Christianson G B,et al.National Ignition Facility core X-ray streak camera.Rev Sci Instrum,2001,72:748–750
11 Li J,Hu X,Fan L,et al.Fabrication and absolute calibration of X-ray streak camera cathode(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2015,27:082003[李晋,胡昕,樊龙,等.X射线条纹相机阴极制备及其绝对标定.强激光与粒子束,2015,27:082003]
12 Oertel J A,Aragonez R,Archuleta T,et al.Gated X-ray detector for the National Ignition Facility.Rev Sci Instrum,2006,77:10E308
13 Kimbrough J R,Bell P M,Bradley D K,et al.Standard design for national ignition facility X-ray streak and framing cameras.Rev Sci Instrum,2010,81:10E530
14 Yang Z H,Liu S Y,Cao Z R,et al.Development of ShenguangⅢ facility general diagnostic instrument manipulator(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2011,23:115–120[杨正华,刘慎业,曹柱荣,等.神光Ⅲ主机通用诊断搭载平台的研制.强激光与粒子束,2011,23:115–120]
15 Cao Z R,Liu S Y,Zhang H Y,et al.Shen-guang Ⅲ core X-ray framing cameras(in Chinese).Acta Photon Sin,2009,38:1881–1885[曹柱荣,刘慎业,张海鹰,等.神光Ⅲ核心X射线分幅相机.光子学报,2009,38:1881–1885]
16 Yang W Z,Bai Y L,Qin J J,et al.Gain narrowing effect of soft X-ray picoseconds framing camera(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2009,21:755–760[杨文正,白永林,秦君军,等.软X射线皮秒分幅相机的增益压窄效应.强激光与粒子束,2009,21:755–760]
17 Mc Carville T,Fulkerson S,Booth R,et al.Gated X-ray intensifier for large format simultaneous imaging.Rev Sci Instrum,2005,76:103501
18 Yang W,Bai Y,Liu B,et al.Temporal resolution technology of a soft X-ray picosecond framing camera based on Chevron micro-channel plates gated in cascade.Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A,2009,608:291–296
19 Hilsabeck T J,Hares J D,Kilkenny J D,et al.Pulse-dilation enhanced gated optical imager with 5 ps resolution(invited).Rev Sci Instruments,2010,81:10E317
20 Yuan Z,Yang Z W,Li J,et al.Ultrafast time resolution 2D imaging technology based on photoelectron pulse quasu-linearly dilation(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2014,26:052007[袁铮,杨志文,李晋,等.基于光电子脉冲展宽的高时间分辨成像技术.强激光与粒子束,2014,26:052007]
21 Nagel S R,Hilsabeck T J,Bell P M,et al.Dilation X-ray imager a new/faster gated X-ray imager for the NIF.Rev Sci Instrum,2012,83:10E116
22 Nagel S R,Ayers M J,Felker B,et al.Performance measurements of the DIXI(dilation X-ray imager)photocathode using a laser produced X-ray source.In:Proceedings of Target Diagnostics Physics and Engineering for Inertial Confinement Fusion.San Diego:SPIE,2013
23 Nagel S R,Hilsabeck T J,Bell P M,et al.Investigating high speed phenomena in laser plasma interactions using dilation X-ray imager(invited).Rev Sci Instrum,2014,85:11E504
24 Bai Y,Long J,Liu J,et al.Demonstration of 11-ps exposure time of a framing camera using pulse-dilation technology and a magnetic lens.Opt Eng,2015,54:124103
25 Cai H,Fu W,Bai Y,et al.Simulation of a dilation X-ray framing camera.J Electron Imag,2017,26:043003
26 Kirkpatrick P,Baez A V.Formation of optical images by X-rays.J Opt Soc Am,1948,38:766–774
27 Yi S Z,Mu B Z,Jiang L,et al.Imaging characteristics of 2.5 keV multilayer Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2012,24:1170–1174[伊圣振,穆宝忠,蒋励,等.2.5 keV能点多层膜KB显微镜成像性能.强激光与粒子束,2012,24:1170–1174]
28 Marshall F J,De Haas T,Glebov V Y.Charge-injection-device performance in the high-energy-neutron environment of laser-fusion experiments.Rev Sci Instrum,2010,81:10E503
29 Craxton R S.Polar direct drive-proof-of-principle experiments on OMEGA and prospects for ignition on the NIF.In:Proceedings of 46th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics.Savannah,2004
30 Marshall F J,Mc Kenty P W,Delettrez J A,et al.Plasma-density determination from X-ray radiography of laser-driven spherical implosions.Phys Rev Lett,2009,102:185004
31 Marshall F J.Direct-drive,high-convergence-ratio implosion studies on the OMEGA laser system.In:Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society.Seattle,1999
32 Koch J A,Landen O L,Barbee T W Jr,et al.High-energy X-ray microscopy techniques for laser-fusion plasma research at the national ignition facility.Appl Opt,1998,37:1784–1795
33 Turner R E.FY’03 OMEGA Summary for LLE Annual Report.Technical Report,Lawrence Livermore National Lab,2003
34 Cao Z R,Ding Y K,Dong J J,et al.Researches and applications of X-ray high-spatial-resolution multi-color microscope system(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2015,27:032013[曹柱荣,丁永坤,董建军,等.X射线高空间分辨多色显微成像系统研制及应用.强激光与粒子束,2015,27:032013
35 Chen B L,Yang Z H,Wei M X,et al.High-resolution monochromatic X-ray imaging techniques applied to ShenguangⅡlaser facility(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2013,25:3119–3122[陈伯伦,杨正华,韦敏习,等.神光Ⅱ激光装置X射线高分辨单色成像技术.强激光与粒子束,2013,25:3119–3122]
36 Lindl J D,Amendt P,Berger R L,et al.The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the national ignition facility.Phys Plasmas,2004,11:339–491
37 Campbell E M,Hogan W J.The national ignition facility-applications for inertial fusion energy and high-energy-density science.Plasma Phys Control Fusion,1999,41:B39–B56
38 Lindl J.Development of the indirect-drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain.Phys Plasm,1995,2:3933–4024
39 Sun K X,Huang T X,Ding Y K,et al.Experimental research on radiation temperature for holhraums(in Chinese).Acta Opt Sin,2002,51:1750–1754[孙可煦,黄天晅,丁永坤,等.黑腔靶辐射温度实验研究.物理学报,2002,51:1750–1754]
40 Cao Z R,Li S W,Jiang S E,et al.Plasma convergence time of radiation hohlraum with single-end drive on SG-Ⅲ prototype laser facility(in Chinese).Acta Phys Sin,2010,59:7170[曹柱荣,李三伟,江少恩,等.神光Ⅲ原型单端驱动黑腔等离子体聚心时间研究.物理学报,2010,59:7170]
41 Cao Z,Jin F,Dong J,et al.Soft X-ray low-pass filter with a square-pore microchannel plate.Opt Lett,2013,38:1509–1511
42 Cao Z R,Dong J J,Yang Z H,et al.A new method of soft X-ray transmission band-pass(in Chinese).Acta Phys Sin,2013,62:045205[曹柱荣,董建军,杨正华,等.一种透射式软X光带通方法研究.物理学报,2013,62:045205]
43 Yuan Z,Cao Z R,Zhu X L,et al.A technology of X-ray imaging flat-response low-pass filter(in Chinese).Acta Opt Sin,2013,62:045205[袁铮,曹柱荣,朱效立,等.一种X射线成像型平响应低通滤波技术.光学学报,2013,62:045205]
2 Chang T Q,Zhang J,Zhang J T,et al.Laser-target Plasma Interacting and Laser Fusion(in Chinese).Changsha:Hunan Science and Technology Publishing Company,1990.403–426[常铁强,张钩,张家泰,等.激光等离子体相互作用与激光聚变.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1990.403 –426]
3 Moses E,Lindl J D.The national ignition campaign:Status and progress.In:International Atomic Energy Agency Fusion Energy Conference,San Diego,2012
4 Landen N.NIF Diagnostic Damage and Design Issues.Technical Report,Lawrence Livermore National Lab,1999
5 Kilkenny J D.The role of experimental science in ICF——Examples from X-ray diagnostics and targets.Eur Phys J D,2007,44:289–292
6 Haan S W,Huang H,Johnson M A,et al.Instability growth seeded by oxygen in CH shells on the national ignition facility.Phys Plasm,2015,22:032708
7 Regan S P,Epstein R,Hammel B A,et al.Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets.Phys Rev Lett,2013,111:045001
8 Niu L H,Yang Q L,Niu H B,et al.A wide dynamic range X-ray streak camera system.Rev Sci Instrum,2008,79:023103
9 Hu X,Liu S Y,Ding Y K,et al.Design of SG-Ⅲ X-ray streak camera(in Chinese).Acta Opt Sin,2009,29:2871–2875[胡昕,刘慎业,丁永坤,等.神光Ⅲ主机X射线条纹相机设计.光学学报,2009,29:2871–2875]
10 Kimbrough J R,Bell P M,Christianson G B,et al.National Ignition Facility core X-ray streak camera.Rev Sci Instrum,2001,72:748–750
11 Li J,Hu X,Fan L,et al.Fabrication and absolute calibration of X-ray streak camera cathode(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2015,27:082003[李晋,胡昕,樊龙,等.X射线条纹相机阴极制备及其绝对标定.强激光与粒子束,2015,27:082003]
12 Oertel J A,Aragonez R,Archuleta T,et al.Gated X-ray detector for the National Ignition Facility.Rev Sci Instrum,2006,77:10E308
13 Kimbrough J R,Bell P M,Bradley D K,et al.Standard design for national ignition facility X-ray streak and framing cameras.Rev Sci Instrum,2010,81:10E530
14 Yang Z H,Liu S Y,Cao Z R,et al.Development of ShenguangⅢ facility general diagnostic instrument manipulator(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2011,23:115–120[杨正华,刘慎业,曹柱荣,等.神光Ⅲ主机通用诊断搭载平台的研制.强激光与粒子束,2011,23:115–120]
15 Cao Z R,Liu S Y,Zhang H Y,et al.Shen-guang Ⅲ core X-ray framing cameras(in Chinese).Acta Photon Sin,2009,38:1881–1885[曹柱荣,刘慎业,张海鹰,等.神光Ⅲ核心X射线分幅相机.光子学报,2009,38:1881–1885]
16 Yang W Z,Bai Y L,Qin J J,et al.Gain narrowing effect of soft X-ray picoseconds framing camera(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2009,21:755–760[杨文正,白永林,秦君军,等.软X射线皮秒分幅相机的增益压窄效应.强激光与粒子束,2009,21:755–760]
17 Mc Carville T,Fulkerson S,Booth R,et al.Gated X-ray intensifier for large format simultaneous imaging.Rev Sci Instrum,2005,76:103501
18 Yang W,Bai Y,Liu B,et al.Temporal resolution technology of a soft X-ray picosecond framing camera based on Chevron micro-channel plates gated in cascade.Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A,2009,608:291–296
19 Hilsabeck T J,Hares J D,Kilkenny J D,et al.Pulse-dilation enhanced gated optical imager with 5 ps resolution(invited).Rev Sci Instruments,2010,81:10E317
20 Yuan Z,Yang Z W,Li J,et al.Ultrafast time resolution 2D imaging technology based on photoelectron pulse quasu-linearly dilation(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2014,26:052007[袁铮,杨志文,李晋,等.基于光电子脉冲展宽的高时间分辨成像技术.强激光与粒子束,2014,26:052007]
21 Nagel S R,Hilsabeck T J,Bell P M,et al.Dilation X-ray imager a new/faster gated X-ray imager for the NIF.Rev Sci Instrum,2012,83:10E116
22 Nagel S R,Ayers M J,Felker B,et al.Performance measurements of the DIXI(dilation X-ray imager)photocathode using a laser produced X-ray source.In:Proceedings of Target Diagnostics Physics and Engineering for Inertial Confinement Fusion.San Diego:SPIE,2013
23 Nagel S R,Hilsabeck T J,Bell P M,et al.Investigating high speed phenomena in laser plasma interactions using dilation X-ray imager(invited).Rev Sci Instrum,2014,85:11E504
24 Bai Y,Long J,Liu J,et al.Demonstration of 11-ps exposure time of a framing camera using pulse-dilation technology and a magnetic lens.Opt Eng,2015,54:124103
25 Cai H,Fu W,Bai Y,et al.Simulation of a dilation X-ray framing camera.J Electron Imag,2017,26:043003
26 Kirkpatrick P,Baez A V.Formation of optical images by X-rays.J Opt Soc Am,1948,38:766–774
27 Yi S Z,Mu B Z,Jiang L,et al.Imaging characteristics of 2.5 keV multilayer Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2012,24:1170–1174[伊圣振,穆宝忠,蒋励,等.2.5 keV能点多层膜KB显微镜成像性能.强激光与粒子束,2012,24:1170–1174]
28 Marshall F J,De Haas T,Glebov V Y.Charge-injection-device performance in the high-energy-neutron environment of laser-fusion experiments.Rev Sci Instrum,2010,81:10E503
29 Craxton R S.Polar direct drive-proof-of-principle experiments on OMEGA and prospects for ignition on the NIF.In:Proceedings of 46th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics.Savannah,2004
30 Marshall F J,Mc Kenty P W,Delettrez J A,et al.Plasma-density determination from X-ray radiography of laser-driven spherical implosions.Phys Rev Lett,2009,102:185004
31 Marshall F J.Direct-drive,high-convergence-ratio implosion studies on the OMEGA laser system.In:Proceedings of 41st Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society.Seattle,1999
32 Koch J A,Landen O L,Barbee T W Jr,et al.High-energy X-ray microscopy techniques for laser-fusion plasma research at the national ignition facility.Appl Opt,1998,37:1784–1795
33 Turner R E.FY’03 OMEGA Summary for LLE Annual Report.Technical Report,Lawrence Livermore National Lab,2003
34 Cao Z R,Ding Y K,Dong J J,et al.Researches and applications of X-ray high-spatial-resolution multi-color microscope system(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2015,27:032013[曹柱荣,丁永坤,董建军,等.X射线高空间分辨多色显微成像系统研制及应用.强激光与粒子束,2015,27:032013
35 Chen B L,Yang Z H,Wei M X,et al.High-resolution monochromatic X-ray imaging techniques applied to ShenguangⅡlaser facility(in Chinese).High Power Laser Part Beams,2013,25:3119–3122[陈伯伦,杨正华,韦敏习,等.神光Ⅱ激光装置X射线高分辨单色成像技术.强激光与粒子束,2013,25:3119–3122]
36 Lindl J D,Amendt P,Berger R L,et al.The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the national ignition facility.Phys Plasmas,2004,11:339–491
37 Campbell E M,Hogan W J.The national ignition facility-applications for inertial fusion energy and high-energy-density science.Plasma Phys Control Fusion,1999,41:B39–B56
38 Lindl J.Development of the indirect-drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain.Phys Plasm,1995,2:3933–4024
39 Sun K X,Huang T X,Ding Y K,et al.Experimental research on radiation temperature for holhraums(in Chinese).Acta Opt Sin,2002,51:1750–1754[孙可煦,黄天晅,丁永坤,等.黑腔靶辐射温度实验研究.物理学报,2002,51:1750–1754]
40 Cao Z R,Li S W,Jiang S E,et al.Plasma convergence time of radiation hohlraum with single-end drive on SG-Ⅲ prototype laser facility(in Chinese).Acta Phys Sin,2010,59:7170[曹柱荣,李三伟,江少恩,等.神光Ⅲ原型单端驱动黑腔等离子体聚心时间研究.物理学报,2010,59:7170]
41 Cao Z,Jin F,Dong J,et al.Soft X-ray low-pass filter with a square-pore microchannel plate.Opt Lett,2013,38:1509–1511
42 Cao Z R,Dong J J,Yang Z H,et al.A new method of soft X-ray transmission band-pass(in Chinese).Acta Phys Sin,2013,62:045205[曹柱荣,董建军,杨正华,等.一种透射式软X光带通方法研究.物理学报,2013,62:045205]
43 Yuan Z,Cao Z R,Zhu X L,et al.A technology of X-ray imaging flat-response low-pass filter(in Chinese).Acta Opt Sin,2013,62:045205[袁铮,曹柱荣,朱效立,等.一种X射线成像型平响应低通滤波技术.光学学报,2013,62:045205]