亲子关系对青少年冒险行为的影响:有调节的中介模型
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摘要
为探讨亲子关系对青少年冒险行为的影响机制,采用亲子关系问卷、同伴群体特征问卷及冒险行为问卷对山东省日照市三所普通中学的1275名初一到高三学生进行调查。结果发现:(1)父母支持与亲子冲突、不良同伴交往及冒险行为均呈负相关,亲子冲突与不良同伴交往、冒险行为均呈正相关,不良同伴交往与冒险行为呈正相关;(2)父母支持显著负向预测冒险行为,亲子冲突显著正向预测冒险行为,且两者的预测作用都可以通过不良同伴交往的中介作用实现;(3)在亲子冲突影响冒险行为这一模型中,不良同伴交往起中介作用,且中介的后半路径受性别调节,具体表现为:与女生相比,男生结交不良同伴会参与更多冒险行为。结果提示,不良亲子关系和不良同伴交往都是青少年冒险行为的重要预测因素,且不良亲子关系可以通过影响同伴交往影响青少年冒险行为。此外,在这一过程中,存在性别差异,当亲子冲突较多时,尤其应当关注男孩的同伴交往情况。
To explore the mechanism of the relationship between parent-adolescent relationship and risk-taking behavior of adolescents,with a sample of 1275 7 th～ 12 thgraders( mean age = 14. 96 years,SD = 1. 79) as participants. The participants completed the Network of Relationships,Peer Group Character Questionnaire and Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior Questionnaire. It showed that( 1) Parental support was significantly and negatively related to parent-adolescent conflict,deviant peer affiliation and adolescents risk-taking behavior; parent-adolescent conflict was significantly and positively related to deviant peer affiliation and adolescents risk-taking behavior; deviant peer affiliation was significantly and positively linked with adolescents risk-taking behavior;( 2) Parental support was negatively correlated with risk-taking behavior; parent-adolescent conflict was positively correlated with risk-taking behavior; and deviant peer affiliation mediated the relationship between parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent risk-taking behavior.( 3) Deviant peer affiliation played a mediating role on the effect of parentchild conflict on adolescent risk-taking behavior,and the second half of the mediation process was moderated by gender. Specifically,compared with girls,boys with delinquent peers would participate in more risk-taking behaviors. It suggests that negative parent-adolescent relationship and deviant peer affiliation are key predictors of risktaking behavior and that deviant peer affiliation plays an important mediating role in the association of negative parent-adolescent relationship with adolescent risk-taking behavior. In addition,there are gender differences in this process. When teenagers have more parent-adolescent conflict,we should pay more attention to the peer relationships among male adolescents.
To explore the mechanism of the relationship between parent-adolescent relationship and risk-taking behavior of adolescents,with a sample of 1275 7 th～ 12 thgraders( mean age = 14. 96 years,SD = 1. 79) as participants. The participants completed the Network of Relationships,Peer Group Character Questionnaire and Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior Questionnaire. It showed that( 1) Parental support was significantly and negatively related to parent-adolescent conflict,deviant peer affiliation and adolescents risk-taking behavior; parent-adolescent conflict was significantly and positively related to deviant peer affiliation and adolescents risk-taking behavior; deviant peer affiliation was significantly and positively linked with adolescents risk-taking behavior;( 2) Parental support was negatively correlated with risk-taking behavior; parent-adolescent conflict was positively correlated with risk-taking behavior; and deviant peer affiliation mediated the relationship between parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent risk-taking behavior.( 3) Deviant peer affiliation played a mediating role on the effect of parentchild conflict on adolescent risk-taking behavior,and the second half of the mediation process was moderated by gender. Specifically,compared with girls,boys with delinquent peers would participate in more risk-taking behaviors. It suggests that negative parent-adolescent relationship and deviant peer affiliation are key predictors of risktaking behavior and that deviant peer affiliation plays an important mediating role in the association of negative parent-adolescent relationship with adolescent risk-taking behavior. In addition,there are gender differences in this process. When teenagers have more parent-adolescent conflict,we should pay more attention to the peer relationships among male adolescents.
引文
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Bowlby,J.(1973).Attachment and loss:Vol.2.Separation:Anxiety and anger.New York:Basic Books.
Bowlby,J.(1988).A secure base:Parent-child attachment and healthy human development.New York:Basic Books.
Boyer,T.W.(2006).The development of risk-taking:A multi-perspective review.Developmental Review,26(3),291-345.
Bronfenbrenner,U.(1979).The ecology of human development:Experiments by nature and design.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Burk,W.J.,Van der Vorst,H.,Kerr,M.,&Stattin,H.(2012).Alcohol use and friendship dynamics:Selection and socialization in early-,middle-,and late-adolescent peer networks.Journal of Studies on Alcohol&Drugs,73(1),89-98.
Burt,S.A.,Mcgue,M.,Iacono,W.G.,&Krueger,R.F.(2006).Differential parent-child relationships and adolescent externalizing symptoms:Cross-lagged analyses within a monozygotic twin differences design.Developmental Psychology,42(6),1289-1298.
Carlo,G.,Mestre,M.V.,Mcginley,M.M.,Tur-Porcar,A.,Samper,P.,&Opal,D.(2014).The protective role of prosocial behaviors on antisocial behaviors:The mediating effects of deviant peer affiliation.Journal of Adolescence,37(4),359-366.
Cohn,L.D.(1991).Sex differences in the course of personality development:A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,109(2),252-266.
Conner,M.,Smith,N.,&Mcmillan,B.(2003).Examining normative pressure in the theory of planned behaviour:Impact of gender and passengers on intentions to break the speed limit.Current Psychology,22(3),252-263.
Cotarobles,S.,&Gamble,W.(2006).Parent-adolescent processes and reduced risk for delinquency:The effect of gender for Mexican A-merican adolescents.Youth&Society,37(37),375-392.
Cruz,J.E.,Emery,R.E.,&Turkheimer,E.(2012).Peer network drinking predicts increased alcohol use from adolescence to early adulthood after controlling for genetic and shared environmental selection.Developmental Psychology,48(5),1390-1402.
Dotterer,A.M.,Hoffman,L.,Crouter,A.C.,&Mchale,S.M.(2008).A longitudinal examination of the bidirectional links between academic achievement and parent-adolescent conflict.Journal of Family Issues,29(6),762-779.
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Elliot,D.S.,Huizinga,D.,&Ageton,S.S.(1985).Explaining delinquency and drug use.Beverley Hills,CA:Sage.
Furman,W.,&Buhrmester,D.(1985).Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks.Developmental Psychology,21(6),1016-1024.
Furrer,C.,&Skinner,E.(2003).Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance.Journal of Educational Psychology,95(1),148-162.
Gullone,E.,Moore,S.,Moss,S.,&Boyd,C.(2000).The adolescent risk-taking questionnaire:Development and psychometric evaluation.Journal of Adolescent Research,15(2),231-250.
Hayes,A.F.(2013).Introduction to mediation,moderation,and conditional process analysis:A regression-based approach.New York:Guilford Press.
Hayes,A.F.(2015).An index and test of linear moderated mediation.Multivariate Behavioral Research,50(1),1-22.
Jessor,R.(1987).Problem-behavior theory,psychosocial development,and adolescent problem drinking.British Journal of Addiction,82(4),331-342.
Johnson,B.,Mc Bride,D.,Hopkins,G.,&Pepper,S.(2014).An examination of parent-child relationships and teen substance use:Abrief report.Journal of Child&Adolescent Substance Abuse,23(4),210-216.
Juang,L.P.,Syed,M.,&Cookston,J.T.(2012).Acculturationbased and everyday parent-adolescent conflict among Chinese American adolescents:Longitudinal trajectories and implications for mental health.Journal of Family Psychology,26(6),916-926.
Kalee,L.(2016).Negative parent-adolescent relationship as risk factor for delinquency:Girls versus boys.Abstract retrieved from https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/334630.
Kloep,M.,Güney,N.,ok,F.,&Simsek.,.F.(2009).Motives for risk-taking in adolescence:A cross-cultural study.Journal of Adolescence,32(1),135-151.
Miranda,M.C.,Affuso,G.,Esposito,C.,&Bacchini,D.(2016).Parental acceptance-rejection and adolescent maladjustment:Mothers’and fathers’combined roles.Journal of Child&Family Studies,25(4),1352-1362.
Müller,C.M.,&Minger,M.(2013).Which children and adolescents are most susceptible to peer influence?A systematic review regarding antisocial behavior.Empirische Sonderp?dagogik,5(2),107-129.
Neppl,T.K.,Dhalewadikar,J.,&Lohman,B.J.(2015).Harsh parenting,deviant peers,adolescent risky behavior:Understanding the meditational effect of attitudes and intentions.Journal of Research on Adolescence,26(3),1-14.
zmen,O.,&Sümer,Z.H.(2011).Predictors of risk-taking behaviors among Turkish adolescents.Personality and Individual Differences,50(1),4-9.
Pires,P.,&Jenkins,J.M.(2007).A growth curve analysis of the joint influences of parenting affect,child characteristics and deviant peers on adolescent illicit drug use.Journal of Youth&Adolescence,36(2),169-183.
Qu,Y.,Fuligni,A.J.,Galvan,A.,&Telzer,E.H.(2015).Buffering effect of positive parent-child relationships on adolescent risk taking:A longitudinal neuroimaging investigation.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,15,26-34.
Rah,Y.,&Parke,R.D.(2008).Pathways between parent-child interactions and peer acceptance:The role of children's social information processing.Review of Social Development,17(2),341-357.
Reniers,R.L.,Murphy,L.,Lin,A.,Bartolomé,S.P.,&Wood,S.J.(2016).Risk perception and risk-taking behaviour during adolescence:The influence of personality and gender.PLOS ONE,11(4),1-14.
Rubin,K.H.,Dwyer,K.M.,Kim,A.H.,Burgess,K.B.,BoothLaforce,C.,&Rose-Krasnor,L.(2004).Attachment,friendship,and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence.Journal of Early Adolescence,24(4),326-356.
Ruhl,H.,Dolan,E.A.,&Buhrmester,D.(2015).Adolescent attachment trajectories with mothers and fathers:The importance of parent-child relationship experiences and gender.Journal of Research on Adolescence,25(3),427-442.
Ryzin,M.J.V.,Fosco,G.M.,&Dishion,T.J.(2012).Family and peer predictors of substance use from early adolescence to early adulthood:An 11-year prospective analysis.Addictive Behaviors,37(12),1314-1324.
Selfhout,M.H.,Branje,S.J.,&Meeus,W.H.(2008).The development of delinquency and perceived friendship quality in adolescent best friendship dyads.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,36(4),471-485.
Shepherd,J.L.,Lane,D.J.,Tapscott,R.L.,&Gentile,D.A.(2011).Susceptible to social influence:Risky“driving”in response to peer pressure.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,41(4),773-797.
Sijtsema,J.J.,Lindenberg,S.M.,&Veenstra,R.(2010).Do they get what they want or are they stuck with what they can get?Testing homophily against default selection for friendships of highly aggressive boys.The TRAILS study.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,38(6),803-813.
Smoru,M.,Guarnieri,S.,&Ingoglia,S.(2014).The parental bond,resistance to peer influence,and risky driving in adolescence.Transportation Research Part F Psychology&Behaviour,22(1),184-195.
Stafford,M.,Kuh,D.L.,Gale,C.R.,Mishra,G.,&Richards,M.(2016).Parent-child relationships and offspring’s positive mental wellbeing from adolescence to early older age.The Journal of Positive Psychology,11(3),326-337.
Steinberg,L.,&Monahan,K.C.(2007).Age differences in resistance to peer influence.Developmental Psychology,43(6),1531-1543.
Sumter,S.R.,Bokhorst,C.L.,Steinberg,L.,&Westenberg,P.M.(2009).The developmental pattern of resistance to peer influence in adolescence:Will the teenager ever be able to resist?Journal of Adolescence,32(4),1009-1201.
Sun,A.L.,You,S.,&Ha,D.(2015).Parental emotional support and adolescent happiness:Mediating roles of self-esteem and emotional intelligence.Applied Research in Quality of Life,10(4),631-646.
Svensson,R.(2003).Gender differences in adolescent drug use:The impact of parental monitoring and peer deviance.Youth&Society,34(3),300-329.
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