波斯花园:琐罗亚斯德教与伊斯兰教文化元素的融合
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摘要
波斯—伊斯兰园林是世界三大园林体系之一,其最早渊源可以上溯到古波斯帝国阿契美尼德王朝最早都城帕萨尔加德中的御花园。该御花园乃居鲁士大帝依照琐罗亚斯德教经书《阿维斯塔·万迪达德》中的相关描述而建,是一种围墙封闭式园林。围墙内的主体部分为"四重花园"结构,即由四个等面积的方形构成四个对称小花园,由此形成波斯艺术几何对称的审美原则,该原则成为波斯艺术的牢固规范。波斯伊斯兰化之后,波斯—伊斯兰花园在水流的布局设计上显然受到了《古兰经》中"天园由四条河滋润"说法的影响。然而,波斯人以他们业已形成的根深蒂固的审美观念,把波斯—伊斯兰花园的流水走向设计与四重花园的几何对称原则相结合,由此形成"十"字交叉、对称平衡的四条流水。这种几何对称结构成为伊斯兰园林和建筑的典型结构,并对欧洲园林艺术产生了十分深远的影响。
The Persian-Islamic garden is one of the three major garden systems in the world,whose earliest origin can date back to the imperial garden in Pasargadae,one of the capitals of Achaemenian Dynasty. This imperial garden was built by Cyrus,according to related descriptions in "Wandidad"of Avesta,the Zoroastrian classic. It was an enclosed wall garden,and the major part in the wall was the quadruple garden structure,including four symmetrical small gardens formed by four squares of equal area,which forms the aesthetic principle of geometric symmetry in Persian art. And this aesthetic principle becomes a firm standard of Persian art. After the Islamization of Persia,the water-flow-layout design of the Persian-Islamic garden has been effected obviously by the saying of "The garden is watered by four rivers"in The Koran. However,Persians have combined the water-flow design in the Persian-Islamic garden with the geometric symmetry principle with their deep-rooted conception of aesthetics,which forms the crossshaped and symmetrical four streams. This geometric symmetrical structure has become the typical structure of Islamic gardens and buildings,and furthermore has a deep influence on European garden art.
The Persian-Islamic garden is one of the three major garden systems in the world,whose earliest origin can date back to the imperial garden in Pasargadae,one of the capitals of Achaemenian Dynasty. This imperial garden was built by Cyrus,according to related descriptions in "Wandidad"of Avesta,the Zoroastrian classic. It was an enclosed wall garden,and the major part in the wall was the quadruple garden structure,including four symmetrical small gardens formed by four squares of equal area,which forms the aesthetic principle of geometric symmetry in Persian art. And this aesthetic principle becomes a firm standard of Persian art. After the Islamization of Persia,the water-flow-layout design of the Persian-Islamic garden has been effected obviously by the saying of "The garden is watered by four rivers"in The Koran. However,Persians have combined the water-flow design in the Persian-Islamic garden with the geometric symmetry principle with their deep-rooted conception of aesthetics,which forms the crossshaped and symmetrical four streams. This geometric symmetrical structure has become the typical structure of Islamic gardens and buildings,and furthermore has a deep influence on European garden art.
引文
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[4][伊朗]阿卜杜·侯赛因·扎林库伯.波斯帝国史[M].张鸿年,译.北京:商务印书馆,2011:14.
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(1)梅丹:本意为“广场”“开阔的场地”,作为长度单位的度量不详。魏庆征编《古代伊朗神话》(北岳文艺出版社、山西人民出版社1999年)此处(第25页)采用的是“哈斯拉”一词,该书资料来自何种语言译本不详。
(2)哈斯拉:伊朗长度单位,其长度大约是一千步。
[2][美]萨缪尔·诺亚·克拉莫尔.苏美尔神话[M].叶舒宪,金立江,译.西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2013:177.
[3]阿维斯塔·万迪达德(波斯语译本)[M].伊朗图书世界出版社,2005:81-82.
[4][伊朗]阿卜杜·侯赛因·扎林库伯.波斯帝国史[M].张鸿年,译.北京:商务印书馆,2011:14.
[5]阿维斯塔[M].元文琪,译.北京:商务印书馆2005:155.
[6]Sādiq Hidāyat,Nīrangstān,Intishārāt-i-Amīr Kabīr,Tehran,1342,p.155.([伊朗]萨迪格·赫达亚特.民俗志[M].德黑兰:阿米尔·卡比尔出版社,1963:155.)
[7]穆宏燕.印度-伊朗“莲花崇拜”文化源流探析[J].世界宗教文化,2017(6).
[8]元文琪.波斯神话[M].北京:中国少年儿童出版社,2004:23.
[9]古兰经[M].马坚,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1996.
(1)梅丹:本意为“广场”“开阔的场地”,作为长度单位的度量不详。魏庆征编《古代伊朗神话》(北岳文艺出版社、山西人民出版社1999年)此处(第25页)采用的是“哈斯拉”一词,该书资料来自何种语言译本不详。
(2)哈斯拉:伊朗长度单位,其长度大约是一千步。