不同肥料施用对设施菠菜地NH_3挥发和N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
以湖南设施菠菜地为研究对象,采用通气法和静态箱-气相色谱法研究了设施菠菜生长季施用工厂化堆肥(SC)、农民传统堆肥(SS)和单施化肥(FC)对土壤NH_3和N_2O排放的影响.结果表明在同等施氮水平下,与FC相比,SC处理能减少NH_3和N_2O排放量,分别减少52.9%和95.12%(P<0.01);SS处理则增加NH_3挥发量24.8%,减少N_2O排放量48.8%.不同处理NH_3损失率分别为SS(10.97%)>FC(4.19%)>SC(2.74%);N_2O排放系数分别为FC(4.50%)>SC(2.21%)>SS(0.60%);与FC处理相比,SC处理条件下菠菜产量和作物吸氮量分别降低19.61%和13.20%,差异不显著;SS处理则显著降低27.9%和40.0%(P<0.05).在该地区冬季设施菠菜田中,影响NH_3和N_2O排放的主要因素为土壤水分,环境温度不是此研究中影响气体排放的主要因素.因此,畜禽养殖固体废弃物经过不同处理后作为有机肥施入菠菜田,SC处理的菠菜可保证产量的同时,减少NH_3挥发和N_2O排放损失.
Agricultural management techniques such as fertilizer or manure application have substantial influence on NH_3 and N_2O emissions and,by understanding this influence,management strategies can be developed to reduce them. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Hunan Agricultural University during 2012 to 2013,to investigate effects of different fertilizers on NH_3 and N_2O emissions. The treatments included control without fertilizer( CK),swine composting fertilizer( SC),stored swine manure fertilizer( SS),and chemical fertilizer( FC). The fluxes of NH_3 and N_2O were collected by venting method and static-chamber method,respectively. The results showed that during the spinach growth season,compared with FC,loss of both NH_3 and N_2O for SC were reduced by 52. 9% and 95. 12%,respectively( P < 0. 01). However,loss of NH_3 for SS increased by 24. 8%,and loss of N_2O reduced by 48. 8% compared with FC. Loss rate of NH_3 were SS( 10. 97%) > FC( 4. 19%) > SC( 2. 74%),and emission coefficient for N_2O were FC( 4. 50%) > SC( 2. 21%) > SS( 0. 60%). Yield and utilization of nitrogen for SC were reduced by 19. 61% and13. 20% compared with FC,respectively,but not significantly; and significantly reduced by 27. 9% and 40. 0% compared with SS,respectively. Loss of gases( NH_3 and N_2O) for SC were 1. 83%,which was the lowest,while utilization of nitrogen for SC was13. 20%,similar with FC. Greenhouse temperature was not the critical factor during the spinach planting in winter,but soil water was.Therefore,optimizing manure management could reduce ammonia volatilization and N_2O emission loss without decreasing vegetables production,and the present data indicated that SC would be optimal for better yields with reduced ammonia volatilization and N_2O emission loss.
Agricultural management techniques such as fertilizer or manure application have substantial influence on NH_3 and N_2O emissions and,by understanding this influence,management strategies can be developed to reduce them. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Hunan Agricultural University during 2012 to 2013,to investigate effects of different fertilizers on NH_3 and N_2O emissions. The treatments included control without fertilizer( CK),swine composting fertilizer( SC),stored swine manure fertilizer( SS),and chemical fertilizer( FC). The fluxes of NH_3 and N_2O were collected by venting method and static-chamber method,respectively. The results showed that during the spinach growth season,compared with FC,loss of both NH_3 and N_2O for SC were reduced by 52. 9% and 95. 12%,respectively( P < 0. 01). However,loss of NH_3 for SS increased by 24. 8%,and loss of N_2O reduced by 48. 8% compared with FC. Loss rate of NH_3 were SS( 10. 97%) > FC( 4. 19%) > SC( 2. 74%),and emission coefficient for N_2O were FC( 4. 50%) > SC( 2. 21%) > SS( 0. 60%). Yield and utilization of nitrogen for SC were reduced by 19. 61% and13. 20% compared with FC,respectively,but not significantly; and significantly reduced by 27. 9% and 40. 0% compared with SS,respectively. Loss of gases( NH_3 and N_2O) for SC were 1. 83%,which was the lowest,while utilization of nitrogen for SC was13. 20%,similar with FC. Greenhouse temperature was not the critical factor during the spinach planting in winter,but soil water was.Therefore,optimizing manure management could reduce ammonia volatilization and N_2O emission loss without decreasing vegetables production,and the present data indicated that SC would be optimal for better yields with reduced ammonia volatilization and N_2O emission loss.
引文
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