水分亏缺和施氮对春小麦生长和水氮利用的影响
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摘要
为探寻促进春小麦生长、增产和水氮高效利用的水氮调控模式,通过田间试验,以春小麦品种永良4号为研究对象,设置4个水分条件[苗期-拔节期亏水(W1:土壤含水率下限为55%的田间持水率)、孕穗期-开花期亏水(W2:土壤含水率下限为60%的田间持水率)、灌浆期-成熟期亏水(W3:土壤含水率下限为55%的田间持水率)、全生育期不亏水处理(W4:三个生育阶段土壤含水率下限分别为70%、70%和65%的田间持水率,对照)]和3个施氮水平(N1:120 kg·hm~(-2);N2:180 kg·hm~(-2);N3:240 kg·hm~(-2)),研究了不同生育时期水分亏缺和施氮对河西地区滴灌春小麦的生长、产量和水氮利用的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,春小麦的株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)和氮肥偏生产力(NFP)均呈现先增后减的趋势,其中N2的平均水分利用效率明显大于N1和N3。不同亏水灌溉对春小麦的生长、产量和水分利用效率等指标有不同的影响,W3和W4更有利于春小麦的生长,但其水分利用效率明显低于W1和W2,W2的平均水分利用效率比W1、W3、W4分别高7.4%、11.7%和12.0%。在所有处理中,N2W2处理获得最高产量和较高的水氮利用效率,因此在河西地区滴灌条件下,可将该水氮组合作为最佳的灌水施氮策略。
The aim of this project was to explore suitable regulation model for high-yield and high-efficiency water and fertilizer use of spring wheat. Field plot experiments were carried out with the spring wheat variety of Yongliang 4. There are four moisture conditions treatments were set up[seedling to jointing(W1:The minimum soil moisture was 55% of field water holding capacity); booting to flowering(W2:The minimum soil moisture was 60% of field water holding capacity); filling to maturity(W3:The minimum soil moisture was 55% of field water holding capacity) and full irrigation at whole growth stage(W4:The minimum soil moisture were 70%, 75%, and 65% of field water holding capacity, respectively for the three growth stages as control)], and three nitrogen rate levels(N1:120 kg·hm~(-2); N2:180 kg·hm~(-2); N3:240 kg·hm~(-2)). The effects of water deficit and nitrogen application at different growth stages on the growth, water and nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat under drip irrigation in Hexi area were studied. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen rate, the growth, dry matter, yield, WUE, IWUE and NFP were increased first and then decreased. The average WUE of N2 is significantly greater than that of N1 and N3. Different water treatments had different effects on the growth, yield and WUE of spring wheat. W3 and W4 treatments were more beneficial to the growth of spring wheat, but the WUE of W3 and W4 treatments was significantly lower than that of W1 and W2. The average WUE of W2 was 7.4%, 11.7%, and 12.0% higher than that of W1, W3, and W4. The results showed that the highest yield and high water and nitrogen use efficiency of N2 W2 was remarkable. Therefore, under drip irrigation conditions in Hexi region, N2 W2 can be used as the best irrigation and nitrogen application strategy for spring wheat production.
The aim of this project was to explore suitable regulation model for high-yield and high-efficiency water and fertilizer use of spring wheat. Field plot experiments were carried out with the spring wheat variety of Yongliang 4. There are four moisture conditions treatments were set up[seedling to jointing(W1:The minimum soil moisture was 55% of field water holding capacity); booting to flowering(W2:The minimum soil moisture was 60% of field water holding capacity); filling to maturity(W3:The minimum soil moisture was 55% of field water holding capacity) and full irrigation at whole growth stage(W4:The minimum soil moisture were 70%, 75%, and 65% of field water holding capacity, respectively for the three growth stages as control)], and three nitrogen rate levels(N1:120 kg·hm~(-2); N2:180 kg·hm~(-2); N3:240 kg·hm~(-2)). The effects of water deficit and nitrogen application at different growth stages on the growth, water and nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat under drip irrigation in Hexi area were studied. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen rate, the growth, dry matter, yield, WUE, IWUE and NFP were increased first and then decreased. The average WUE of N2 is significantly greater than that of N1 and N3. Different water treatments had different effects on the growth, yield and WUE of spring wheat. W3 and W4 treatments were more beneficial to the growth of spring wheat, but the WUE of W3 and W4 treatments was significantly lower than that of W1 and W2. The average WUE of W2 was 7.4%, 11.7%, and 12.0% higher than that of W1, W3, and W4. The results showed that the highest yield and high water and nitrogen use efficiency of N2 W2 was remarkable. Therefore, under drip irrigation conditions in Hexi region, N2 W2 can be used as the best irrigation and nitrogen application strategy for spring wheat production.
引文
[1]杨开静,王凤新,宋娜,等.滴灌条件下不同N、K肥施用量对春小麦生长和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(12):187.YANG K J,WANG F X,SONG N,et al.Effect of different application rates of N and K fertilizers on the growth and yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(12):187
[2]JACKSON R B,SPERRY J S,DAWSON T E.Root water uptake and transport:Using physiological processes in global predictions [J].Trends in Plant Science,2000,5(11):482.
[3]EAPEN D,BARROSO M L,PONCE G,et al.Hydrotropism:Root growth responses to water [J].Trends in Plant Science,2005,10(1):44.
[4]张雨新,张富仓,邹海洋,等.生育期水分调控对河西地区滴灌春小麦生长和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):171.ZHANG Y X,ZHANG F C,ZOU H Y,et al.Effects of soil water regulation in growing period on spring wheat growth and water use in Hexi areas under drip irrigation [J].Agricultural research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(1):171.
[5]史力超,朱云,翟勇,等.施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):844.SHI L C,ZHU Y,ZHAI Y.et al.Effect of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation,translocation and yield of drip irrigation spring wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(6):844.
[6]王书吉,康绍忠,李涛.基于节水高产优质目标的冬小麦适宜水分亏缺模式[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(12):111.WANG S J,KANG S Z,LI T,et al.Suitable water deficit mode for winter wheat basing objective of water saving as well as high yield and quality [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(12):111.
[7]祁有玲,张富仓,李开峰,等.不同生育期水分亏缺及氮营养对冬小麦生长和产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(1):24.QI Y L,ZHANG F C,LI K F,et al.Effects of water deficit and nitrogen nutrient at different growing stages on growth and yields of winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2009,28(1):24.
[8]王晨阳.土壤水分胁迫对小麦形态及生理影响的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1992,26(1):89.WANG C Y.Effects of soil water stress on morphological and physiological of wheat [J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,1992,26(1):89.
[9]祁有玲,张富仓,李开峰,等.水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长和氮素吸收的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2399.QI Y L,ZHANG F C,LI K F,et al.Effects of water deficit and nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat growth and nitrogen uptake [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(10):2399.
[10]王国栋,曾胜和,周建伟,等.基于控墒补灌的春小麦滴灌制度研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(6):19.WANG G D,ZENG S H,ZHOU J W,et al.Research on drip irrigation schedule for spring wheat based on soil moisture-controlled irrigation [J].Agricultural research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(6):19.
[11]孙宏勇,张喜英,陈素英,等.亏缺灌溉对冬小麦生理生态指标的影响及应用[J].中国生态农业通报,2011,19(5):1086.SUN H Y,ZHANG X Y,CHEN S Y,et al.Effects of deficit irrigation on physio-ecological indices of winter wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agricultural,2011,19(5):1086.
[12]梁银丽.土壤水分和氮磷营养对冬小麦根系生长及水分利用的调节[J].生态学报,1996,16(3):258.LIANG Y L.The adjustment of soil water and nitrogen phosphorus nutrition on root system growth of wheat and water use [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1996,16(3):258.
[13]白海波,吕学莲,惠建,等.灌水量对宁夏春小麦光合特性及产量构成因素的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(34):9.BAI H B,Lü X L,HUI J,et al.Irrigation amount affecting photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of spring wheat in Ningxia [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(34):9.
[14]陆增根,戴廷波,姜东,等.氮肥运筹对弱筋小麦群体指标与产量和品质形成的影响[J].作物学报,2007,33(4):590.LU Z G,DAI T B,JIANG D,et al.Effects of nitrogen strategies on population quality index and grain yield & quality in weak-gluten wheat [J].Acta Agronomica Sincia,2007,33(4):590.
[15]郭栋,党廷辉,戚龙海.黄土旱塬不同氮肥用量下冬小麦干物质积累和氮素吸收利用过程研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(5):138.GUO D,DANG T H,QI L H,Process study of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption use of winter wheat under different N-fertilizer rates on dry highland of Loess Plateau [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(5):138.
[16]TURNER N C.Plant water relations and irrigation management [J].Agricultural Water Management,1990,17(1/3):59.
[17]HSIAO T C.Growth and productivity of crops in relation to water status [J].Acta Horticulture,1993,335:137
[18]银敏华,李援农,周昌明,等.调亏灌水和分蘖干扰对冬小麦生长的补偿效应[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(10):3011.YIN M H,Li Y N,ZHOU C M,et al.Compensation effects of regulated deficit irrigation and tillering interference to winter wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(10):3011.
[19]马守臣,张绪成,段爱旺,等.施肥对冬小麦的水分调亏灌溉效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):139.MA S C,ZHANG X C,DUAN A W,et al.Regulated deficit irrigation effect of winter wheat under different fertilization treatments [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(6):139.
[20]雷艳,张富仓,寇雯萍,等.不同生育期水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):168.LEI Y,ZHANG F C,KOU W P,et al.Effect of water deficit at different growth stages and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat [J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural and Science Edition),2010,38(5):168.
[21]侯翠翠,冯伟,李世莹,等.不同水氮处理对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(4):699.HOU C C,FENG W,LI S Y,et al.Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen treaments on water consumption characteristics and grain yield in wheat [J].Journal of Triticease Crops,2013,33(4):699.
[22]王伟,蔡焕杰,王健.水分亏缺对冬小麦株高、叶绿素相对含量及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(1):41.WANG W,CAI H J,WANG J,et al.Effects of water deficits on plant height,relative leaf chlorophyll contents and yield of winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2009,28(1):41.
[23]李正鹏,宋明丹,冯浩.水氮耦合下冬小麦 LAI 与株高的动态特征及其与产量的关系[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(4):195.LI Z P,SONG M D,FENG H.Dynamic characteristics of leaf area index and plant height of winter wheat influenced by irrigation and nitrogen coupling and their relationships with yield [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(4):195.
[24]刘宾,赵亮,张坤普,等.小麦株高发育动态QTL定位[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(22):4562.LIU B,ZHAO L,ZHANG K P,et al.Genetic dissection of plant height at different growth stages in common wheat [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(22):4562.
[2]JACKSON R B,SPERRY J S,DAWSON T E.Root water uptake and transport:Using physiological processes in global predictions [J].Trends in Plant Science,2000,5(11):482.
[3]EAPEN D,BARROSO M L,PONCE G,et al.Hydrotropism:Root growth responses to water [J].Trends in Plant Science,2005,10(1):44.
[4]张雨新,张富仓,邹海洋,等.生育期水分调控对河西地区滴灌春小麦生长和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):171.ZHANG Y X,ZHANG F C,ZOU H Y,et al.Effects of soil water regulation in growing period on spring wheat growth and water use in Hexi areas under drip irrigation [J].Agricultural research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(1):171.
[5]史力超,朱云,翟勇,等.施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):844.SHI L C,ZHU Y,ZHAI Y.et al.Effect of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation,translocation and yield of drip irrigation spring wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(6):844.
[6]王书吉,康绍忠,李涛.基于节水高产优质目标的冬小麦适宜水分亏缺模式[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(12):111.WANG S J,KANG S Z,LI T,et al.Suitable water deficit mode for winter wheat basing objective of water saving as well as high yield and quality [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(12):111.
[7]祁有玲,张富仓,李开峰,等.不同生育期水分亏缺及氮营养对冬小麦生长和产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(1):24.QI Y L,ZHANG F C,LI K F,et al.Effects of water deficit and nitrogen nutrient at different growing stages on growth and yields of winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2009,28(1):24.
[8]王晨阳.土壤水分胁迫对小麦形态及生理影响的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1992,26(1):89.WANG C Y.Effects of soil water stress on morphological and physiological of wheat [J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,1992,26(1):89.
[9]祁有玲,张富仓,李开峰,等.水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长和氮素吸收的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2399.QI Y L,ZHANG F C,LI K F,et al.Effects of water deficit and nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat growth and nitrogen uptake [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(10):2399.
[10]王国栋,曾胜和,周建伟,等.基于控墒补灌的春小麦滴灌制度研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(6):19.WANG G D,ZENG S H,ZHOU J W,et al.Research on drip irrigation schedule for spring wheat based on soil moisture-controlled irrigation [J].Agricultural research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(6):19.
[11]孙宏勇,张喜英,陈素英,等.亏缺灌溉对冬小麦生理生态指标的影响及应用[J].中国生态农业通报,2011,19(5):1086.SUN H Y,ZHANG X Y,CHEN S Y,et al.Effects of deficit irrigation on physio-ecological indices of winter wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agricultural,2011,19(5):1086.
[12]梁银丽.土壤水分和氮磷营养对冬小麦根系生长及水分利用的调节[J].生态学报,1996,16(3):258.LIANG Y L.The adjustment of soil water and nitrogen phosphorus nutrition on root system growth of wheat and water use [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1996,16(3):258.
[13]白海波,吕学莲,惠建,等.灌水量对宁夏春小麦光合特性及产量构成因素的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(34):9.BAI H B,Lü X L,HUI J,et al.Irrigation amount affecting photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of spring wheat in Ningxia [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(34):9.
[14]陆增根,戴廷波,姜东,等.氮肥运筹对弱筋小麦群体指标与产量和品质形成的影响[J].作物学报,2007,33(4):590.LU Z G,DAI T B,JIANG D,et al.Effects of nitrogen strategies on population quality index and grain yield & quality in weak-gluten wheat [J].Acta Agronomica Sincia,2007,33(4):590.
[15]郭栋,党廷辉,戚龙海.黄土旱塬不同氮肥用量下冬小麦干物质积累和氮素吸收利用过程研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(5):138.GUO D,DANG T H,QI L H,Process study of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption use of winter wheat under different N-fertilizer rates on dry highland of Loess Plateau [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(5):138.
[16]TURNER N C.Plant water relations and irrigation management [J].Agricultural Water Management,1990,17(1/3):59.
[17]HSIAO T C.Growth and productivity of crops in relation to water status [J].Acta Horticulture,1993,335:137
[18]银敏华,李援农,周昌明,等.调亏灌水和分蘖干扰对冬小麦生长的补偿效应[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(10):3011.YIN M H,Li Y N,ZHOU C M,et al.Compensation effects of regulated deficit irrigation and tillering interference to winter wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(10):3011.
[19]马守臣,张绪成,段爱旺,等.施肥对冬小麦的水分调亏灌溉效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):139.MA S C,ZHANG X C,DUAN A W,et al.Regulated deficit irrigation effect of winter wheat under different fertilization treatments [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(6):139.
[20]雷艳,张富仓,寇雯萍,等.不同生育期水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):168.LEI Y,ZHANG F C,KOU W P,et al.Effect of water deficit at different growth stages and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat [J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural and Science Edition),2010,38(5):168.
[21]侯翠翠,冯伟,李世莹,等.不同水氮处理对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(4):699.HOU C C,FENG W,LI S Y,et al.Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen treaments on water consumption characteristics and grain yield in wheat [J].Journal of Triticease Crops,2013,33(4):699.
[22]王伟,蔡焕杰,王健.水分亏缺对冬小麦株高、叶绿素相对含量及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(1):41.WANG W,CAI H J,WANG J,et al.Effects of water deficits on plant height,relative leaf chlorophyll contents and yield of winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2009,28(1):41.
[23]李正鹏,宋明丹,冯浩.水氮耦合下冬小麦 LAI 与株高的动态特征及其与产量的关系[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(4):195.LI Z P,SONG M D,FENG H.Dynamic characteristics of leaf area index and plant height of winter wheat influenced by irrigation and nitrogen coupling and their relationships with yield [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(4):195.
[24]刘宾,赵亮,张坤普,等.小麦株高发育动态QTL定位[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(22):4562.LIU B,ZHAO L,ZHANG K P,et al.Genetic dissection of plant height at different growth stages in common wheat [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(22):4562.