互联网与中国农村劳动力非农就业
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摘要
本文使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014年度数据,实证分析了互联网使用对农村劳动力非农就业的影响,并通过工具变量法解决了模型中由于互为因果导致的内生性问题。研究发现,互联网使用能够有效提高农村劳动力选择非农就业的概率,包括成为工资获得者以及自我雇佣。并且发现互联网属于技能偏向型技术进步,对高学历劳动者的影响要大于低学历劳动者。互联网至少从提高劳动者社会资本、减少家务劳动时间两个渠道对劳动者的非农就业选择产生影响。
This paper uses CFPSCFPS2014 survey data to analyze the influence of Internet use on the non-agricultural employment of rural labor force, and solves the endogenous problem by selecting two instrumental variables. The study found that the use of the Internet can effectively improve the rural labor force to choose non-agricultural employment probability, including as a wage earner and self-employment. And we also found that the Internet is a kind of skill-biskill-biased technical change, the impact on highly educated workers is greater than the low degree of education workers. The Internet influences the non-agricultural employment at least from two aspects, increasing social capital of workers and reducing the time of domestic work.
This paper uses CFPSCFPS2014 survey data to analyze the influence of Internet use on the non-agricultural employment of rural labor force, and solves the endogenous problem by selecting two instrumental variables. The study found that the use of the Internet can effectively improve the rural labor force to choose non-agricultural employment probability, including as a wage earner and self-employment. And we also found that the Internet is a kind of skill-biskill-biased technical change, the impact on highly educated workers is greater than the low degree of education workers. The Internet influences the non-agricultural employment at least from two aspects, increasing social capital of workers and reducing the time of domestic work.
引文
[1]蔡昉.人口转变、人口红利与刘易斯转折点[J].经济研究,2010(4):4-13.
[2]汪进,钟笑寒.中国的刘易斯转折点是否到来——理论辨析与国际经验[J].中国社会科学,2011(5):22-37+219.
[3]宁光杰.自选择与农村剩余劳动力非农就业的地区收入差异——兼论刘易斯转折点是否到来[J].经济研究,2012(S2):42-55.
[4]张锦华,沈亚芳.家庭人力资本对农村家庭职业流动的影响——对苏中典型农村社区的考察[J].中国农村经济,2012(4):26-35.
[5]邢春冰.中国农村非农就业机会的代际流动[J].经济研究,2006(9):103-116.
[6]魏众.健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响[J].经济研究,2004(2):64-74.
[7]王春超,周先波.社会资本能影响农民工收入吗?——基于有序响应收入模型的估计和检验[J].管理世界,2013(9):55-68,101,187.
[8]章元,陆铭.社会网络是否有助于提高农民工的工资水平?[J].管理世界,2009(3):45-54.
[9]王翌秋,刘蕾.新型农村合作医疗保险、健康人力资本对农村居民劳动参与的影响[J].中国农村经济,2016(11):68-81.
[10]高伟,张苏,王婕.土地流转、收入预期与农村高等教育参与意愿[J].管理世界,2013(3):82-95.
[11]程名望,潘烜.个人特征、家庭特征对农村非农就业影响的实证[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012(2):94-99.
[12]Fabritz N.The Impact of Broadband on Economic Activity in Rural Areas:Evidence from German Municipalities[J].Ifo Working Paper,2013.
[13]Atasoy H.The Effects of Broadband Internet Expansion on Labor Market Outcomes[J].ILR Review,2013,66(2):315-345.
[14]Forman C,Goldfarb A,Greenstein S.The Internet and Local Wages:A Puzzle[J].American Economic Review,2012,102(1):556-575.
[15]Dimaggio P,Bonikowski B.Make Money Surfing the Web?The Impact of Internet Use on the Earnings of U.S.Workers[J].American Sociological Review,2008,73(2):227-250.
[16]Fountain C.Finding a Job in the Internet Age[J].Social Forces,2005,83(3):1235-1262.
[17]Kuhn P,Skuterud M.Internet Job Search and Unemployment Durations[J].American Economic Review,2004,94(1):218-232.
[18]Shahiri H,Osman Z.Internet Job Search and Labor Market Outcome[J].International Economic Journal,2015,29(1):161-173.
[19]Dettling L J.Opting Back In:Home Internet Use and Female Labor Supply[J].2012.
[20]Vazquez E J,Winkler H.How is the Internet Changing Labor Market Arrangements?Evidence from Telecommunications Reforms in Europe[J].Policy Research Working Paper,2017.
[21]Goss E P,Phillips J M.How information technology affects wages:Evidence using internet usage as a proxy for IT skills[J].Journal of Labor Research,2002,23(3):463-474.
[22]Lee S H,Kim J.Has the Internet changed the wage structure too?[J].Labour Economics,2004,11(1):119-127.
[23]Navarro L.The Impact of Internet Use on Individual Earnings in Latin America[J].Development Research Working Paper,2010.
[24]卜茂亮,罗华江,周耿.Internet对劳动力市场的影响——基于中国家庭动态跟踪调查(CFPS)数据的实证研究[J].南方人口,2011(5):1-10.
[25]周冬.互联网覆盖驱动农村就业的效果研究[J].世界经济文汇,2016(3):76-90.
[26]周洋,华语音.互联网与农村家庭创业——基于CFPS数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2017(5):111-119.
[27]Chyi H,Mao S.The Determinants of Happiness of China’s Elderly Population[J].Journal of Happiness Studies,2012,13(1):167-185.
[28]Akerman A,Gaarder I,Mogstad M.The Skill Complementarity of Broadband Internet[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2013,130(4):28.
[29]马光荣,杨恩艳.社会网络、非正规金融与创业[J].经济研究,2011(3):83-94.
(1)数据来源于国家统计局网站。
(2)问卷中的“上网”是指通过电话线、局域网、无线网等各种方式接入互联网的行为。
(3)实际上,拥有大专及以上学历的劳动力中始终接受者的占比可能较高,但是由于在农村劳动力中,大专及以上学历的样本较少,可能导致估计结果出现偏差,故将该样本与高中学历样本合并讨论。
(4)由于女性在家务劳动方面更具比较优势,因此会更多地参与到家务劳动中来,这一作用机制可能对女性群体影响更为显著。
[2]汪进,钟笑寒.中国的刘易斯转折点是否到来——理论辨析与国际经验[J].中国社会科学,2011(5):22-37+219.
[3]宁光杰.自选择与农村剩余劳动力非农就业的地区收入差异——兼论刘易斯转折点是否到来[J].经济研究,2012(S2):42-55.
[4]张锦华,沈亚芳.家庭人力资本对农村家庭职业流动的影响——对苏中典型农村社区的考察[J].中国农村经济,2012(4):26-35.
[5]邢春冰.中国农村非农就业机会的代际流动[J].经济研究,2006(9):103-116.
[6]魏众.健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响[J].经济研究,2004(2):64-74.
[7]王春超,周先波.社会资本能影响农民工收入吗?——基于有序响应收入模型的估计和检验[J].管理世界,2013(9):55-68,101,187.
[8]章元,陆铭.社会网络是否有助于提高农民工的工资水平?[J].管理世界,2009(3):45-54.
[9]王翌秋,刘蕾.新型农村合作医疗保险、健康人力资本对农村居民劳动参与的影响[J].中国农村经济,2016(11):68-81.
[10]高伟,张苏,王婕.土地流转、收入预期与农村高等教育参与意愿[J].管理世界,2013(3):82-95.
[11]程名望,潘烜.个人特征、家庭特征对农村非农就业影响的实证[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012(2):94-99.
[12]Fabritz N.The Impact of Broadband on Economic Activity in Rural Areas:Evidence from German Municipalities[J].Ifo Working Paper,2013.
[13]Atasoy H.The Effects of Broadband Internet Expansion on Labor Market Outcomes[J].ILR Review,2013,66(2):315-345.
[14]Forman C,Goldfarb A,Greenstein S.The Internet and Local Wages:A Puzzle[J].American Economic Review,2012,102(1):556-575.
[15]Dimaggio P,Bonikowski B.Make Money Surfing the Web?The Impact of Internet Use on the Earnings of U.S.Workers[J].American Sociological Review,2008,73(2):227-250.
[16]Fountain C.Finding a Job in the Internet Age[J].Social Forces,2005,83(3):1235-1262.
[17]Kuhn P,Skuterud M.Internet Job Search and Unemployment Durations[J].American Economic Review,2004,94(1):218-232.
[18]Shahiri H,Osman Z.Internet Job Search and Labor Market Outcome[J].International Economic Journal,2015,29(1):161-173.
[19]Dettling L J.Opting Back In:Home Internet Use and Female Labor Supply[J].2012.
[20]Vazquez E J,Winkler H.How is the Internet Changing Labor Market Arrangements?Evidence from Telecommunications Reforms in Europe[J].Policy Research Working Paper,2017.
[21]Goss E P,Phillips J M.How information technology affects wages:Evidence using internet usage as a proxy for IT skills[J].Journal of Labor Research,2002,23(3):463-474.
[22]Lee S H,Kim J.Has the Internet changed the wage structure too?[J].Labour Economics,2004,11(1):119-127.
[23]Navarro L.The Impact of Internet Use on Individual Earnings in Latin America[J].Development Research Working Paper,2010.
[24]卜茂亮,罗华江,周耿.Internet对劳动力市场的影响——基于中国家庭动态跟踪调查(CFPS)数据的实证研究[J].南方人口,2011(5):1-10.
[25]周冬.互联网覆盖驱动农村就业的效果研究[J].世界经济文汇,2016(3):76-90.
[26]周洋,华语音.互联网与农村家庭创业——基于CFPS数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2017(5):111-119.
[27]Chyi H,Mao S.The Determinants of Happiness of China’s Elderly Population[J].Journal of Happiness Studies,2012,13(1):167-185.
[28]Akerman A,Gaarder I,Mogstad M.The Skill Complementarity of Broadband Internet[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2013,130(4):28.
[29]马光荣,杨恩艳.社会网络、非正规金融与创业[J].经济研究,2011(3):83-94.
(1)数据来源于国家统计局网站。
(2)问卷中的“上网”是指通过电话线、局域网、无线网等各种方式接入互联网的行为。
(3)实际上,拥有大专及以上学历的劳动力中始终接受者的占比可能较高,但是由于在农村劳动力中,大专及以上学历的样本较少,可能导致估计结果出现偏差,故将该样本与高中学历样本合并讨论。
(4)由于女性在家务劳动方面更具比较优势,因此会更多地参与到家务劳动中来,这一作用机制可能对女性群体影响更为显著。