互联网使用能否减小性别工资差距?——基于CFPS数据的经验分析
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摘要
互联网的广泛应用为减小性别工资差距带来了新的可能。基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,文章考察了互联网使用及偏好对性别工资的影响作用,利用RIF回归分解的方法分析了互联网对性别工资差距的影响。结果表明:第一,使用互联网促进了性别工资的增长,并且对于不同婚姻状况、年龄和学历的就业者而言,这种影响作用存在差异;第二,上网时长与性别工资之间呈"倒U形"关系,并且男性无论在家还是在工作场所上网,均对工资有正向影响,而女性在工作场所上网对工资有显著影响;第三,利用网络收发邮件和信息获取能够提高男性工资,但娱乐游戏会减小男性工资,而上网专业学习能够提高女性工资;第四,使用互联网能够减小低收入层和中高收入层就业者的性别工资差距,但却加大了高收入层就业者的性别工资差距。据此文章建议,为减小性别工资差距,不仅要强化网络建设和扩大教育培训,增加女性互联网使用率和使用技能,而且要发展新经济新业态,升级产业结构,减小职业性别隔离。
Since entering the 21 st century,the rapid development of network technology has gradually changed the way people live and work,and has an important impact on the labor market,especially the female employment. According to the 39 th CNNIC report,the number of internet users in China reached 731 million,the internet penetration rate was 53.2%,and the proportion of female users was 47.6% up to December,2016.With the gradual convergence of the gender structure in the net users and in the population,how does the internet impact on gender wages? Can the effect reduce the gender wage gap? This is the question to be answered in this paper. Although foreign studies have explored the relationship between the internet and the gender wage gap,few studies use Chinese data to analyze the impact of the internet on the gender wage gap. In addition,due to the diversity of network applications,the impact of different internet applications on gender wages may also be different. Therefore,it is of practical significance to explore the influence of internet preferences on gender wages.The main contents of this paper are as follows:First,by using the data of Chinese family tracking survey(CFPS) in 2010,this paper analyzes the impacts of internet usage on gender wages,and discusses the heterogeneity of the impacts. Second,based on the benchmark model,this paper analyzes the effects of different internet time,internet locations and internet usage preferences on gender wages,and uses IV to test the endogeneity. Thirdly,this paper analyzes the influence of internet usage on gender wages and the gender wage gap on different quantiles by RIF regression. The result shows that:First,internet usage can promote wage growth in different genders,and the effect varies with employment for different marital status,age and education. Second,the relationship between the internet usage time and hourly wages presents the "inverted U" shape curve,and using the internet at home or in the workplace has a greater impact on male wages,while using the internet in the workplace has a greater impact on female wages. Third,using the internet to send and receive messages,access to information can improve male wages,but the entertainment game will reduce male wages,and professional learning can improve female wages. Fourth,internet usage can reduce the gender wage gap between low income and middle-high income earners,but increase the gender wage gap among high-income earners. This paper suggests that to reduce the gender wage gap,should not only strengthen the network infrastructure and expand education and training to increase female internet usage rates and usage skills,but also develop new economics and new employment formats,and upgrade the industrial structure and reduce occupational gender segregation.
Since entering the 21 st century,the rapid development of network technology has gradually changed the way people live and work,and has an important impact on the labor market,especially the female employment. According to the 39 th CNNIC report,the number of internet users in China reached 731 million,the internet penetration rate was 53.2%,and the proportion of female users was 47.6% up to December,2016.With the gradual convergence of the gender structure in the net users and in the population,how does the internet impact on gender wages? Can the effect reduce the gender wage gap? This is the question to be answered in this paper. Although foreign studies have explored the relationship between the internet and the gender wage gap,few studies use Chinese data to analyze the impact of the internet on the gender wage gap. In addition,due to the diversity of network applications,the impact of different internet applications on gender wages may also be different. Therefore,it is of practical significance to explore the influence of internet preferences on gender wages.The main contents of this paper are as follows:First,by using the data of Chinese family tracking survey(CFPS) in 2010,this paper analyzes the impacts of internet usage on gender wages,and discusses the heterogeneity of the impacts. Second,based on the benchmark model,this paper analyzes the effects of different internet time,internet locations and internet usage preferences on gender wages,and uses IV to test the endogeneity. Thirdly,this paper analyzes the influence of internet usage on gender wages and the gender wage gap on different quantiles by RIF regression. The result shows that:First,internet usage can promote wage growth in different genders,and the effect varies with employment for different marital status,age and education. Second,the relationship between the internet usage time and hourly wages presents the "inverted U" shape curve,and using the internet at home or in the workplace has a greater impact on male wages,while using the internet in the workplace has a greater impact on female wages. Third,using the internet to send and receive messages,access to information can improve male wages,but the entertainment game will reduce male wages,and professional learning can improve female wages. Fourth,internet usage can reduce the gender wage gap between low income and middle-high income earners,but increase the gender wage gap among high-income earners. This paper suggests that to reduce the gender wage gap,should not only strengthen the network infrastructure and expand education and training to increase female internet usage rates and usage skills,but also develop new economics and new employment formats,and upgrade the industrial structure and reduce occupational gender segregation.
引文
[1]卜茂亮,罗华江,周耿.Internet对劳动力市场的影响--基于中国家庭动态跟踪调查(CFPS)数据的实证研究[J].南方人口,2011,(5):1-10.
[2]陈玉宇,吴玉立.信息化对劳动力市场的影响:个人电脑使用回报率的估计[J].经济学(季刊),2008,(4):1149-1166.
[3]葛玉好,曾湘泉.市场歧视对城镇地区性别工资差距的影响[J].经济研究,2011,(6):45-56.
[4]何泱泱,刘国恩,徐程.中国职业隔离与性别工资差异的变化趋势研究[J].经济科学,2016,(4):78-89.
[5]刘进,赵思诚,许庆.农民兼业行为对非农工资性收入的影响研究--来自CFPS的微观证据[J].财经研究,2017,(12):45-57.
[6]马超,顾海,李佳佳.中国劳动力市场上的性别工资差异变化研究--来自面板分位数回归分解方法的证据[J].世界经济文汇,2013,(2):96-108.
[7]卿石松.职位晋升中的性别歧视[J].管理世界,2011,(11):28-38.
[8]王鹏.互联网使用对幸福感的影响--基于城镇微观数据的实证研究[J].软科学,2014,(10):139-144.
[9]周兴生.大学生网络使用的性别差异分析[J].青年探索,2014,(1):62-68.
[10]庄家炽,刘爱玉,孙超.网络空间性别不平等的再生产:互联网工资溢价效应的性别差异--以第三期妇女地位调查为例[J].社会,2016,(5):88-106.
[11]Agarwal R,Animesh A,Prasad K.Social interactions and the"Digital Divide":Explaining variations in internet use[J].Information Systems Research,2009,20(2):277-294.
[12]Atasoy H.The effects of broadband internet expansion on labor market outcomes[J].ILR Review,2013,66(2):315-345.
[13]Banerjee S,Parai R,Parai A K.Computer use and wage differentials:US and foreign born male and female workers[J].Applied Economics Letters,2007,14(6):409-413.
[14]Black S E,Spitz-Oener A.Explaining women's success:Technological change and the skill content of women's work[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2007,92(1):187-194.
[15]Di Maggio P,Bonikowski B.Make money surfing the web?The impact of internet use on the earnings of U.S.workers[J].American Sociological Review,2008,73(2):227-250.
[16]Firpo S,Fortin N M,Lemieux T.Unconditional quantile regressions[J].Econometrica,2009,77(3):953-973.
[17]Herr J L,Wolfram C D.Work environment and opt-out rates at motherhood across high-education career paths[J].ILRReview,2012,65(4):928-950.
[18]Krueger A B.How computers have changed the wage structure:Evidence from microdata,1984-1989[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993,108(1):33-60.
[19]Levy F,Murnane R J.With what skills are computers a complement?[J].The American Economic Review,1996,86(2):258-262.
[20]Moreno-Galbis E,Wolff F C.New technologies and the gender wage gap:Evidence from France[J].Relations Industrielles,2008,63(2):317-339.
[21]Postar D R.The effect of high-speed internet access on the gender wage gap[D].Washington:Georgetown University,2013.
[22]Wasserman I M,Richmond-Abbott M.Gender and the internet:Causes of variation in access,level,and scope of use[J].Social Science Quarterly,2005,86(1):252-270.
[23]Weinberg B A.Computer use and the demand for female workers[J].ILR Review,2000,53(2):290-308.
(1)由于篇幅限制,主要变量的描述统计分析表格未列出,如有需要可向作者索要。
[2]陈玉宇,吴玉立.信息化对劳动力市场的影响:个人电脑使用回报率的估计[J].经济学(季刊),2008,(4):1149-1166.
[3]葛玉好,曾湘泉.市场歧视对城镇地区性别工资差距的影响[J].经济研究,2011,(6):45-56.
[4]何泱泱,刘国恩,徐程.中国职业隔离与性别工资差异的变化趋势研究[J].经济科学,2016,(4):78-89.
[5]刘进,赵思诚,许庆.农民兼业行为对非农工资性收入的影响研究--来自CFPS的微观证据[J].财经研究,2017,(12):45-57.
[6]马超,顾海,李佳佳.中国劳动力市场上的性别工资差异变化研究--来自面板分位数回归分解方法的证据[J].世界经济文汇,2013,(2):96-108.
[7]卿石松.职位晋升中的性别歧视[J].管理世界,2011,(11):28-38.
[8]王鹏.互联网使用对幸福感的影响--基于城镇微观数据的实证研究[J].软科学,2014,(10):139-144.
[9]周兴生.大学生网络使用的性别差异分析[J].青年探索,2014,(1):62-68.
[10]庄家炽,刘爱玉,孙超.网络空间性别不平等的再生产:互联网工资溢价效应的性别差异--以第三期妇女地位调查为例[J].社会,2016,(5):88-106.
[11]Agarwal R,Animesh A,Prasad K.Social interactions and the"Digital Divide":Explaining variations in internet use[J].Information Systems Research,2009,20(2):277-294.
[12]Atasoy H.The effects of broadband internet expansion on labor market outcomes[J].ILR Review,2013,66(2):315-345.
[13]Banerjee S,Parai R,Parai A K.Computer use and wage differentials:US and foreign born male and female workers[J].Applied Economics Letters,2007,14(6):409-413.
[14]Black S E,Spitz-Oener A.Explaining women's success:Technological change and the skill content of women's work[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2007,92(1):187-194.
[15]Di Maggio P,Bonikowski B.Make money surfing the web?The impact of internet use on the earnings of U.S.workers[J].American Sociological Review,2008,73(2):227-250.
[16]Firpo S,Fortin N M,Lemieux T.Unconditional quantile regressions[J].Econometrica,2009,77(3):953-973.
[17]Herr J L,Wolfram C D.Work environment and opt-out rates at motherhood across high-education career paths[J].ILRReview,2012,65(4):928-950.
[18]Krueger A B.How computers have changed the wage structure:Evidence from microdata,1984-1989[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993,108(1):33-60.
[19]Levy F,Murnane R J.With what skills are computers a complement?[J].The American Economic Review,1996,86(2):258-262.
[20]Moreno-Galbis E,Wolff F C.New technologies and the gender wage gap:Evidence from France[J].Relations Industrielles,2008,63(2):317-339.
[21]Postar D R.The effect of high-speed internet access on the gender wage gap[D].Washington:Georgetown University,2013.
[22]Wasserman I M,Richmond-Abbott M.Gender and the internet:Causes of variation in access,level,and scope of use[J].Social Science Quarterly,2005,86(1):252-270.
[23]Weinberg B A.Computer use and the demand for female workers[J].ILR Review,2000,53(2):290-308.
(1)由于篇幅限制,主要变量的描述统计分析表格未列出,如有需要可向作者索要。