窄带有机光电探测器的优化设计
|
摘要
针对基于无机材料的光电探测器需要借助滤光器或棱镜耦合实现窄带响应,提出了一种通过有机材料制备窄带光电探测器并提高吸收峰值和降低半高全宽的方法和结构。该器件由分布布拉格反射器和有机光电二极管构成。有机光电二极管的顶电极和底电极之间构成光学微腔。采用传输矩阵法,详细分析了分布布拉格反射器的中心波长、有机光电二极管透明顶电极和光敏感层的厚度对有机光电探测器吸收性能的影响。研究结果表明,Tamm等离激元共振波长接近光敏感层的光学带隙时,可获得半高全宽小于20 nm的窄带响应,并且吸收峰值在70%以上。基于PTB7∶PC~(71)BM和PTB7-Th∶IEICO-4F的有机光电探测器分别可用于探测红光和近红外光。该研究从基本物理机制出发,结合材料和器件结构可将有机光电探测器的响应窗口从可见光拓展至近红外光。
Unlike conventional inorganic photodetectors in conjunction with optical filters or prisms to obtain wavelength selective response,photodetectors rely on organic semiconductors enable to facilitate wavelength selective absorption. In this article,a novel method and relative architecture are proposed to effectively enhance the peak absorption and decrease the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the narrowband organic photodetectors. The architecture is combined with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and organic photodiode (OPD). An optical resonant is formed between the top contact and bottom contact of the OPD. The effects of the center wavelength of the DBR,the thickness of transparent top contact and the thickness of photoactive layer on the absorption performance of the organic photodetector were analyzed in detail by using the transfer matrix method. The simulation results indicate that FWHM less than 20 nm and absorption peak above 70% can be obtained with the Tamm plasmon polaritons resonant wavelength arisen nearby the optical bandgap of the photoactive layer. Red and NIR organic photodetectors can be obtained with photoactive layers of PTB7∶ PC_(71) BM and PTB7-Th∶ IEICO-4F,respectively. The design concept combining materials and device structure allows for tuning response region from visible to NIR.
Unlike conventional inorganic photodetectors in conjunction with optical filters or prisms to obtain wavelength selective response,photodetectors rely on organic semiconductors enable to facilitate wavelength selective absorption. In this article,a novel method and relative architecture are proposed to effectively enhance the peak absorption and decrease the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the narrowband organic photodetectors. The architecture is combined with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and organic photodiode (OPD). An optical resonant is formed between the top contact and bottom contact of the OPD. The effects of the center wavelength of the DBR,the thickness of transparent top contact and the thickness of photoactive layer on the absorption performance of the organic photodetector were analyzed in detail by using the transfer matrix method. The simulation results indicate that FWHM less than 20 nm and absorption peak above 70% can be obtained with the Tamm plasmon polaritons resonant wavelength arisen nearby the optical bandgap of the photoactive layer. Red and NIR organic photodetectors can be obtained with photoactive layers of PTB7∶ PC_(71) BM and PTB7-Th∶ IEICO-4F,respectively. The design concept combining materials and device structure allows for tuning response region from visible to NIR.
引文
[1]HEEGER A J.25th Anniversary article:bulk heterojunction solar cells:understanding the mechanism of operation[J].Adv.Mater.,2014,26(1):10-28.
[2]THEJOKALYANI N,DHOBLE S J.Organic light emitting diodes:energy saving lighting technology-a review[J].Renew.Sustain.Energy Rev.,2012,16(5):2696-2723.
[3]SIRRINGHAUS H.Materials and applications for solution-processed organic field-effect transistors[J].Proc.IEEE,2009,97(9):1570-1579.
[4]LI G,ZHU R,YANG Y.Polymer solar cells[J].Nat.Photon.,2012,6(3):153-161.
[5]CHO B,SONG S,JI Y,et al..Organic resistive memory devices:performance enhancement,integration,and advanced architectures[J].Adv.Funct.Mater.,2011,21(15):2806-2829.
[6]BRIAND D,OPREA A,COURBAT J,et al..Making environmental sensors on plastic foil[J].Mater.Today,2011,14(9):416-423.
[7]BAEG K J,BINDA M,NATALI D,et al..Organic light detectors:photodiodes and phototransistors[J].Adv.Mater.,2013,25(31):4267-4295.
[8]MORIMUNE T,KAJII H,OHMORI Y.Photoresponse properties of a high-speed organic photodetector based on copperphthalocyanine under red light illumination[J].IEEE Photonics Technol.Lett.,2006,18(24):2662-2664.
[9]WIENK M M,STRUIJK M P,JANSSEN R A J.Low band gap polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells[J].Chem.Phys.Lett.,2006,422(4-6):488-491.
[10]SARGENT E H.Solar cells,photodetectors,and optical sources from infrared colloidal quantum dots[J].Adv.Mater.,2008,20(20):3958-3964.
[11]GONG X,TONG M H,XIA Y J,et al..High-detectivity polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to1450 nm[J].Science,2009,325(5948):1665-1667.
[12]ZHOU X K,YANG D Z,MA D G.Extremely low dark current,high responsivity,all-polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to 1 000 nm[J].Adv.Opt.Mater.,2015,3(11):1570-1576.
[13]GHEZZI D,ANTOGNAZZA M R,DAL MASCHIO M,et al..A hybrid bioorganic interface for neuronal photoactivation[J].Nat.Commun.,2011,2:166.
[14]NALWA K S,CAI Y K,THOEMING A L,et al..Polythiophene-fullerene based photodetectors:tuning of spectral response and application in photoluminescence based(bio)chemical sensors[J].Adv.Mater.,2010,22(37):4157-4161.
[15]安涛,涂传宝,杨圣,等.基于PBDT-TT-F∶PCBM体异质结红光探测器的光电特性[J].发光学报,2017,38(12):1643-1649.AN T,TU C B,YANG S,et al..Photovoltaic characteristics of PBDT-TT-F∶PCBM based bulk heterojunction red detector[J].Chin.J.Lumin.,2017,38(12):1643-1649.(in Chinese)
[16]GUO F W,YANG B,YUAN Y B,et al..A nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetector based on interfacial trap-controlled charge injection[J].Nat.Nanotechnol.,2012,7(12):798-802.
[17]SUNG M J,KIM K,KWON S K,et al..Phenanthro[110,9,8-cdefg]carbazole-thiophene,donor-donor copolymer for narrow band green-selective organic photodiode[J].J.Phys.Chem.C,2017,121(29):15931-15936.
[18]ARMIN A,JANSEN-VAN VUUREN R D,KOPIDAKIS N,et al..Narrowband light detection via internal quantum efficiency manipulation of organic photodiodes[J].Nat.Commun.,2015,6:6343.
[19]PEUMANS P,YAKIMOV A,FORREST S R,et al..Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and solar cells[J].J.Appl.Phys.,2003,93(7):3693-3723.
[20]KAVOKIN A V,SHELYKH I A,MALPUECH G.Lossless interface modes at the boundary between two periodic dielectric structures[J].Phys.Rev.B,2005,72(23):233102.
[21]KALITEEVSKI M,IORSH I,BRAND S,et al..Tamm plasmon-polaritons:possible electromagnetic states at the interface of a metal and a dielectric Bragg mirror[J].Phys.Rev.B,2007,76(16):165415.
[22]BRüCKNER R,SUDZIUS M,HINTSCHICH S I,et al..Parabolic polarization splitting of Tamm states in a metal-organic microcavity[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,2012,100(6):062101.
[23]KISHINO K,UNLU M S,CHYI J I,et al..Resonant cavity-enhanced(RCE)photodetectors[J].IEEE J.Quant.Electron.,1991,27(8):2025-2034.
[24]HE Z C,ZHONG C M,SU S J,et al..Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure[J].Nat.Photon.,2012,6(9):591-595.
[25]YAO H F,CUI Y,YU R N,et al..Design,synthesis,and photovoltaic characterization of a small molecular acceptor with an ultra-narrow band gap[J].Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.,2017,56(11):3045-3049.
[2]THEJOKALYANI N,DHOBLE S J.Organic light emitting diodes:energy saving lighting technology-a review[J].Renew.Sustain.Energy Rev.,2012,16(5):2696-2723.
[3]SIRRINGHAUS H.Materials and applications for solution-processed organic field-effect transistors[J].Proc.IEEE,2009,97(9):1570-1579.
[4]LI G,ZHU R,YANG Y.Polymer solar cells[J].Nat.Photon.,2012,6(3):153-161.
[5]CHO B,SONG S,JI Y,et al..Organic resistive memory devices:performance enhancement,integration,and advanced architectures[J].Adv.Funct.Mater.,2011,21(15):2806-2829.
[6]BRIAND D,OPREA A,COURBAT J,et al..Making environmental sensors on plastic foil[J].Mater.Today,2011,14(9):416-423.
[7]BAEG K J,BINDA M,NATALI D,et al..Organic light detectors:photodiodes and phototransistors[J].Adv.Mater.,2013,25(31):4267-4295.
[8]MORIMUNE T,KAJII H,OHMORI Y.Photoresponse properties of a high-speed organic photodetector based on copperphthalocyanine under red light illumination[J].IEEE Photonics Technol.Lett.,2006,18(24):2662-2664.
[9]WIENK M M,STRUIJK M P,JANSSEN R A J.Low band gap polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells[J].Chem.Phys.Lett.,2006,422(4-6):488-491.
[10]SARGENT E H.Solar cells,photodetectors,and optical sources from infrared colloidal quantum dots[J].Adv.Mater.,2008,20(20):3958-3964.
[11]GONG X,TONG M H,XIA Y J,et al..High-detectivity polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to1450 nm[J].Science,2009,325(5948):1665-1667.
[12]ZHOU X K,YANG D Z,MA D G.Extremely low dark current,high responsivity,all-polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to 1 000 nm[J].Adv.Opt.Mater.,2015,3(11):1570-1576.
[13]GHEZZI D,ANTOGNAZZA M R,DAL MASCHIO M,et al..A hybrid bioorganic interface for neuronal photoactivation[J].Nat.Commun.,2011,2:166.
[14]NALWA K S,CAI Y K,THOEMING A L,et al..Polythiophene-fullerene based photodetectors:tuning of spectral response and application in photoluminescence based(bio)chemical sensors[J].Adv.Mater.,2010,22(37):4157-4161.
[15]安涛,涂传宝,杨圣,等.基于PBDT-TT-F∶PCBM体异质结红光探测器的光电特性[J].发光学报,2017,38(12):1643-1649.AN T,TU C B,YANG S,et al..Photovoltaic characteristics of PBDT-TT-F∶PCBM based bulk heterojunction red detector[J].Chin.J.Lumin.,2017,38(12):1643-1649.(in Chinese)
[16]GUO F W,YANG B,YUAN Y B,et al..A nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetector based on interfacial trap-controlled charge injection[J].Nat.Nanotechnol.,2012,7(12):798-802.
[17]SUNG M J,KIM K,KWON S K,et al..Phenanthro[110,9,8-cdefg]carbazole-thiophene,donor-donor copolymer for narrow band green-selective organic photodiode[J].J.Phys.Chem.C,2017,121(29):15931-15936.
[18]ARMIN A,JANSEN-VAN VUUREN R D,KOPIDAKIS N,et al..Narrowband light detection via internal quantum efficiency manipulation of organic photodiodes[J].Nat.Commun.,2015,6:6343.
[19]PEUMANS P,YAKIMOV A,FORREST S R,et al..Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and solar cells[J].J.Appl.Phys.,2003,93(7):3693-3723.
[20]KAVOKIN A V,SHELYKH I A,MALPUECH G.Lossless interface modes at the boundary between two periodic dielectric structures[J].Phys.Rev.B,2005,72(23):233102.
[21]KALITEEVSKI M,IORSH I,BRAND S,et al..Tamm plasmon-polaritons:possible electromagnetic states at the interface of a metal and a dielectric Bragg mirror[J].Phys.Rev.B,2007,76(16):165415.
[22]BRüCKNER R,SUDZIUS M,HINTSCHICH S I,et al..Parabolic polarization splitting of Tamm states in a metal-organic microcavity[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,2012,100(6):062101.
[23]KISHINO K,UNLU M S,CHYI J I,et al..Resonant cavity-enhanced(RCE)photodetectors[J].IEEE J.Quant.Electron.,1991,27(8):2025-2034.
[24]HE Z C,ZHONG C M,SU S J,et al..Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure[J].Nat.Photon.,2012,6(9):591-595.
[25]YAO H F,CUI Y,YU R N,et al..Design,synthesis,and photovoltaic characterization of a small molecular acceptor with an ultra-narrow band gap[J].Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.,2017,56(11):3045-3049.