古田山10种主要森林群落类型的α和β多样性格局及影响因素
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摘要
古田山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带,地形复杂,森林群落类型丰富。我们在保护区内10种主要森林群落类型中网格化布置并调查了79个20 m×20 m样地,分析了不同群落类型内及相互间的α(Shannon-Wiener指数)、β(Horn-Morisita相异性指数)多样性分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)α多样性主要受到群落类型、海拔和坡向的影响。α多样性在不同群落类型间差异显著,并且随海拔升高、坡向从南到北,α多样性增大。(2)β多样性主要受到群落类型和海拔的影响,受空间距离的影响不显著。不同群落类型间的β多样性显著大于同一群落类型内部,并且随海拔升高β多样性增大。总体而言,群落类型和海拔是古田山森林群落α和β多样性的主要影响因子,表明生境过滤等机制对该区域的森林物种多样性格局起着主要作用。
Located in the subtropical zone of China, Gutianshan National Nature Reserve(GNNR) contains a variety of forest community types and is rugged in terrain. Here, we established 79 forest plots, each 20 m ×20 m in area, within the ten main community types of GNNR. Based on this, we analyzed the α-(ShannonWiener index) and β-(Horn-Morisita dissimilarity index) diversity patterns of and between these community types and their underlying driving factors. We found that:(1) Community type, elevation and aspect were the most important determinants of α-diversity. α-diversity showed significant differences between community types, and increased with elevation and northness.(2) Community type and elevation, but not spatial distance significantly affected β-diversity. β-diversity between community types was higher than within community type, and β-diversity also increased with increasing elevation. These results show that community type and elevation are the main influencing factors of the α-and β-diversity patterns in GNNR forests, and further suggest the importance of drivers, such as habitat filtering, on the assembly of GNNR forests.
Located in the subtropical zone of China, Gutianshan National Nature Reserve(GNNR) contains a variety of forest community types and is rugged in terrain. Here, we established 79 forest plots, each 20 m ×20 m in area, within the ten main community types of GNNR. Based on this, we analyzed the α-(ShannonWiener index) and β-(Horn-Morisita dissimilarity index) diversity patterns of and between these community types and their underlying driving factors. We found that:(1) Community type, elevation and aspect were the most important determinants of α-diversity. α-diversity showed significant differences between community types, and increased with elevation and northness.(2) Community type and elevation, but not spatial distance significantly affected β-diversity. β-diversity between community types was higher than within community type, and β-diversity also increased with increasing elevation. These results show that community type and elevation are the main influencing factors of the α-and β-diversity patterns in GNNR forests, and further suggest the importance of drivers, such as habitat filtering, on the assembly of GNNR forests.
引文
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Bates D,Maechler M,Bolker B,Walker S(2014)lme4:Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4.R package version1.1-7.https://CRAN.R-project.org/packages=lme4/.(accessed on 2018-12-08)
Blundo C,González-Espinosa M,Malizia LR(2016)Relative contribution of niche and neutral processes on tree species turnover across scales in seasonal forests of NW Argentina.Plant Ecology,217,359-368.
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Condit R(2005)Tropical treeα-diversity:Results from a worldwide network of large plots.Journal of Surgical Research,25,61-69.
Gallardo-Cruz JA,Pérez-García EA,Meave JA(2009)β-diversity and vegetation structure as influenced by slope aspect and altitude in a seasonally dry tropical landscape.Landscape Ecology,24,473-482.
Gatti RC,Castaldi S,Lindsell JA,Marchetti M,Maesano M,Paola AD,Paparella F,Valentini R(2015)The impact of selective logging and clearcutting on forest structure,tree diversity and above-ground biomass of African tropical forests.Ecological Research,30,119-132.
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Myers SC,Clarkson BR,Reeves PN,Clarkson BD(2013)Wetland management in New Zealand:Are current approaches and policies sustaining wetland ecosystems in agricultural landscapes?Ecological Engineering,56,107-120.
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Qian H,Shimono A(2012)Effects of geographic distance and climatic dissimilarity on species turnover in alpine meadow communities across a broad spatial extent on the Tibetan Plateau.Plant Ecology,213,1357-1364.
Qian HY,Zhang TT,Chen SW,Wu DH,Wu CP,Yuan WG,Jin Y,Yu MJ(2018)Community structures and biodiversities of broad-leaved forest and two types of plantations in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province.Guihaia,38,1371-1381.(in Chinese with English abstract)[钱海源,张田田,陈声文,巫东豪,吴初平,袁位高,金毅,于明坚(2018)古田山自然保护区阔叶林与两种人工林的群落结构和生物多样性.广西植物,38,1371-1381.]
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Revell LJ(2012)Phytools:An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology(and other things).Methods in Ecology&Evolution,3,217-223.
R Core Team(2016)R:A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.https://www.r-project.org/.(accessed on2018-12-08)
Song YC(1999)Perspective of the vegetation zonation of forest region in eastern China.Acta Botanica Sinica,41,541-552.(in Chinese with English abstract)[宋永昌(1999)中国东部森林植被带划分之我见.植物学报,41,541-552.]
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Blundo C,González-Espinosa M,Malizia LR(2016)Relative contribution of niche and neutral processes on tree species turnover across scales in seasonal forests of NW Argentina.Plant Ecology,217,359-368.
Chen LZ,Chen QL,Liu WH(1997)Forest diversity and its geographical distribution in China.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[陈灵芝,陈清朗,刘文华(1997)中国森林多样性及其地理分布.科学出版社,北京.]
Condit R(2005)Tropical treeα-diversity:Results from a worldwide network of large plots.Journal of Surgical Research,25,61-69.
Gallardo-Cruz JA,Pérez-García EA,Meave JA(2009)β-diversity and vegetation structure as influenced by slope aspect and altitude in a seasonally dry tropical landscape.Landscape Ecology,24,473-482.
Gatti RC,Castaldi S,Lindsell JA,Marchetti M,Maesano M,Paola AD,Paparella F,Valentini R(2015)The impact of selective logging and clearcutting on forest structure,tree diversity and above-ground biomass of African tropical forests.Ecological Research,30,119-132.
Guillem C,Jér?me C,Richard C,Salomon A,Suzanne L,Rolando P(2006)Determinants and spatial modeling of treeβ-diversity in a tropical forest landscape in Panama.Journal of Vegetation Science,17,83-92.
Hubbell SP(2001)The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography.Princeton University Press,Princeton.
Itow S(1991)Species turnover and diversity patterns along an elevation broad-leaved forest coenocline.Journal of Vegetation Science,2,477-484.
Legendre P,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP,Yu MJ,Sun F,He FL(2009)Partitioning beta diversity in a subtropical broadleaved forest of China.Ecology,90,663-674.
López-Martínez JO,Hernández-Stefanoni JL,Dupuy JM,Meave JA(2012)Partitioning the variation of woody plantβ-diversity in a landscape of secondary tropical dry forests across spatial scales.Journal of Vegetation Science,24,33-45.
Li YC,Liang YL,Zhang DB(2006)Prelimarily discussion the influence factor and protection of forest biodiversity.Journal of Henan Forestry Science and Technology,26(4),31-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李亚藏,梁彦兰,张东斌(2006)浅谈森林生物多样性的影响因素及其保护.河南林业科技,26(4),31-33.]
Lu XL,Hu N,Ding SY,Fan YL,Liao BH,Zhai YJ,Liu J(2010)The pattern of plant species diversity of Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30,5790-5798.(in Chinese with English abstract)[卢训令,胡楠,丁圣彦,范玉龙,廖秉华,翟元杰,柳静(2010)伏牛山自然保护区物种多样性分布格局.生态学报,30,5790-5798.]
Ma DW,Zhang G,Wang YH,Wang DM(2002)Studies on species diversity of forest vegetation on Qingcheng Mountain.Journal of Sichuan University(Natural Science Edition),39,115-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)[马丹炜,张果,王跃华,王道模(2002)青城山森林植被物种多样性的研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版),39,115-123.]
Ma KP(1994)Measurement of biotic community diversity.I.The measurement ofαdiversity.Chinese Biodiversity,2,162-168.(in Chinese)[马克平(1994)生物群落多样性的测度方法.I.α多样性的测度方法(上).生物多样性,2,162-168.]
Ma KP,Liu CR,Liu YM(1995)Measurement of biotic community diversity.II.The measurement ofβdiversity.Chinese Biodiversity,3,38-43.(in Chinese)[马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明(1995)生物群落多样性的测度方法.II.β多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,3,38-43.]
Meng Y,Qiu Y,Zhang L,Wang CL,Zang ZH,Zhang XY,Shen GZ,Yan CF,Chen QS(2017)Effects of geographical distance and differences in climate and altitude on species dissimilarity of vascular plant communities in the Dulongjiang River Watershed Area.Biodiversity Science,25,1313-1320.(in Chinese with English abstract)[蒙洋,邱月,张亮,王翠玲,臧振华,张学耀,申国珍,闫彩凤,陈全胜(2017)地理距离、海拔和气候差异对独龙江流域维管植物群落物种空间相异性的影响.生物多样性,25,1313-1320.]
Myers SC,Clarkson BR,Reeves PN,Clarkson BD(2013)Wetland management in New Zealand:Are current approaches and policies sustaining wetland ecosystems in agricultural landscapes?Ecological Engineering,56,107-120.
Niu KC,Liu YN,Shen ZH,He FL,Fang JY(2009)Community assembly:The relative importance of neutral theory and niche theory.Biodiversity Science,17,579-593.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛克昌,刘怿宁,沈泽昊,何芳良,方精云(2009)群落构建的中性理论和生态位理论.生物多样性,17,579-593.]
Oksanen J,Blanchet FG,Kindt R,Legendre P,Minchin PR,O’Hara RB,Simpson GL,Solymos P,Stevens MHH,Wagner H(2016)vegan:Community Ecology Package.R package Version 2.0-4.https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan/.(accessed on 2018-12-08)
Peet RK(1981)Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range:Patterns of species diversity.Vegetatio,45,3-75.
Qian H,Hao ZQ,Zhang J(2014)Phylogenetic structure and phylogenetic diversity of angiosperm assemblages in forests along an elevational gradient in Changbaishan,China.Journal of Plant Ecology,7,154-165.
Qian H,Shimono A(2012)Effects of geographic distance and climatic dissimilarity on species turnover in alpine meadow communities across a broad spatial extent on the Tibetan Plateau.Plant Ecology,213,1357-1364.
Qian HY,Zhang TT,Chen SW,Wu DH,Wu CP,Yuan WG,Jin Y,Yu MJ(2018)Community structures and biodiversities of broad-leaved forest and two types of plantations in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province.Guihaia,38,1371-1381.(in Chinese with English abstract)[钱海源,张田田,陈声文,巫东豪,吴初平,袁位高,金毅,于明坚(2018)古田山自然保护区阔叶林与两种人工林的群落结构和生物多样性.广西植物,38,1371-1381.]
Rahbek C(1977)The relationship among area,elevation,and regional species richness in neotropical birds.The American Naturalist,149,875-902.
Revell LJ(2012)Phytools:An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology(and other things).Methods in Ecology&Evolution,3,217-223.
R Core Team(2016)R:A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.https://www.r-project.org/.(accessed on2018-12-08)
Song YC(1999)Perspective of the vegetation zonation of forest region in eastern China.Acta Botanica Sinica,41,541-552.(in Chinese with English abstract)[宋永昌(1999)中国东部森林植被带划分之我见.植物学报,41,541-552.]
Shen ZH,Zhang XS,Jin YX(2000)Spatial pattern analysis and topographical interpretation of species diversity in the forests of Dalaoling in the region of the Three Gorges.Acta Botanica Sinica,42,620-627.(in Chinese with English abstract)[沈泽昊,张新时,金义兴(2000)三峡大老岭森林物种多样性的空间格局分析及其地形解释.植物学报,42,620-627.]
Tang ZY,Fang JY(2004)A review on the elevational patterns of plant species diversity.Biodiversity Science,12,20-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐志尧,方精云(2004)植物物种多样性的垂直分布格局.生物多样性,12,20-28.]
Tello JS,Myers JA,Macía MJ,Fuentes AF,Cayola L,Arellano G,Loza IM,Torrez V,Cornejo M,Miranda T,J?rgensen PM(2015)Elevational gradients inβ-diversity reflect variation in the strength of local community assembly mechanicsms across spatial scales.PLoS ONE,10,1371.
Vazquez GJA,Givnish TJ(1998)Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition,structure,and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlan.Journal of Ecology,86,999-1020.
Wang GH,Zhou GS,Yang LM,Li ZQ(2002)Distribution,species diversity and life-form spectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the northern slopes of Qilianshan Mountains,Gansu,China.Plant Ecology,165,169-181.
Wang ZH,Chen AP,Piao SL,Fang JY(2004)Pattern of species richness along an altitudinal gradient on Gaoligong Mountains,Southwest China.Biodiversity Science,12,82-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王志恒,陈安平,朴世龙,方精云(2004)高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化.生物多样性,12,82-88.]
Wang YX,Jin Y,Wu CP,Weng DM,Ye LX,Chen DL,Yu JP,Liu JL,Zhong L,Yu MJ(2016)Taxonomic and phylogeneticαandβdiversities of major subtropical forest community types in Zhejiang Province.Biodiversity Science,24,863-874.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王月霞,金毅,吴初平,翁东明,叶立新,陈德良,余建平,刘金亮,仲磊,于明坚(2016)浙江省主要亚热带森林群落类型物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性比较.生物多样性,24,863-874.]
Whittaker RH(1972)Evolution and measurement of species diversity.Taxon,21,213-251.
Whittaker RH,Niering WA(1965)Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains,Arizona:A gradient analysis of the south slope.Ecology,46,429-452.
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