垄覆沟播及施肥位置优化对旱地小麦氮磷钾吸收利用的影响
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摘要
【目的】保水栽培与养分管理是旱地农业关注的焦点,其研究多集中于产量形成和水分利用,而对养分吸收利用的报道相对较少。本研究探讨了垄覆沟播及施肥位置优化对旱地小麦种植效益和养分利用效率的影响,为在增产的基础上增收增效提供理论依据。【方法】以冬小麦为研究对象,2013—2014年(平水年)、2014—2015年(丰水年)和2015—2016年(欠水年),连续3年在黄土高原中部的典型雨养旱地进行田间定位试验,设置了传统平作(平作不覆膜+均匀施肥)、垄覆沟播(垄上覆膜+沟内播种+均匀施肥)和膜侧施肥(垄上覆膜+沟内播种+定位施肥) 3种栽培模式。调查分析了冬小麦种植效益、不同生育时期的氮磷钾养分吸收量、养分收获指数、养分吸收效率、肥料偏生产力和养分生理效率及百公斤籽粒养分需求量。【结果】与传统平作相比,在平水年和欠水年,垄覆沟播的产量分别提高9.5%和6.3%,但经济效益和成本收益率在不同降水年型均无显著变化。膜侧施肥在平水年和欠水年显著提高种植效益,3年平均经济效益和成本收益率较传统平作分别提高23.4%和9.1%,较垄覆沟播提高21.5%和14.6%。与传统平作相比,垄覆沟播不利于拔节后地上部氮磷钾吸收,从而使氮磷钾吸收效率无显著变化,但3年平均氮生理效率和氮磷钾肥偏生产力分别提高7.7%、7.1%、8.1%和6.7%,百公斤籽粒需氮量降低8.7%。膜侧施肥较传统平作能在保持氮磷钾收获指数、生理效率和百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量稳定的基础上,使3年平均氮磷钾吸收效率分别提高18.4%、22.1%和16.4%,氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高16.0%、16.8%和15.6%。与垄覆沟播相比,膜侧施肥提高了开花期和成熟期氮磷钾吸收量以及成熟期秸秆和籽粒的氮磷钾分配量,从而使3年平均氮磷钾吸收效率分别提高20.8%、18.0%和12.1%,氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高8.3%、8.1%和8.4%,百公斤籽粒氮磷需求量增加28.3%和10.0%,但氮磷收获指数降低3.9%和4.2%,氮磷生理效率降低9.5%和8.1%。【结论】垄覆沟播降低百公斤籽粒氮磷需求量,提高氮生理效率和氮磷钾肥偏生产力,但种植效益未增加。膜侧施肥促进了不同生育时期的氮磷钾吸收,协同提高了经济效益、养分吸收效率和肥料偏生产力,但也应注意其氮磷收获指数和生理效率降低,百公斤籽粒氮磷需求量增加的问题。
【Objectives】 Water-conserved cultivation and fertilizer management have been the research focus in dryland cropping systems of China. Most attention has concentrated on yield formation and water utilization, less research on crop nutrient uptake and utilization. We investigated the effects of ridge mulching, furrow seeding,and optimized fertilizer placement on uptake and utilization of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K)and in order to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and profitable production of wheat in drylands.【Methods】 A continuous experiment in the fixed plots was conducted in the typical dryland of central Loess Plateau in the climatically normal year of 2013–2014, wet year of 2014–2015 and dry year of 2015–2016.Winter wheat was sown in three patterns: conventional flat pattern without plastic film mulching but with uniform fertilization(CP), ridge mulching, furrow seeding with uniform fertilization(RF), and ridge mulching,furrow seeding with side-dressed fertilization under plastic film(RFF). Yield, economic return, and nutrient uptakes and distributions, nutrient harvest indexes, nutrient uptake efficiencies, fertilizer partial factor productivities for N, P and K, and physiological efficiencies and requirements of N, P and K for grain yields were analyzed. 【Results】 Compared with CP, the yield under RF was increased by 9.5% and 6.3%,respectively, but the economic return and the rate of output to input under RF had no significant changes. In the normal year and dry year, RFF significantly increased the economic return and ratio of output to input by 23.4%and 9.1% compared to CP, and 21.5% and 14.6% compared to RF, averaged across the three years. Compared with CP, RF had no significant effects on NPK uptake efficiencies due to the decreased NPK uptakes after jointing stage of winter wheat, but it increased the N physiological efficiency and NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities by 7.7%, 7.1%, 8.1% and 6.7%, respectively, and decreased the N requirement for 100 kg grain by8.7%. Although RFF did not affect the NPK harvest indexes, NPK physiological efficiencies and NPK requirements for 100 kg grain, it increased the average NPK uptake efficiencies by 18.4%, 22.1% and 16.4% and NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities by 16.0%, 16.8% and 15.6%, respectively compared with CP.Compared with RF, RFF increased the NPK uptakes at anthesis and maturity and NPK distributions in straw and grain at maturity, and thus significantly increased NPK uptake efficiencies by 20.8%, 18.0% and 12.1%, NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities by 8.3%, 8.1% and 8.4%, NP requirements for 100 kg grain by 28.3% and10.0%, but decreased NP harvest indexes by 3.9% and 4.2%, NP physiological efficiencies by 9.5% and 8.1%,respectively, averaged across the three years. 【Conclusions】 Furrow seeding with uniform fertilization could decrease the N requirement and increase the N physiological efficiency and NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities, but not increase the overall economic return. Ridge mulching, furrow seeding with side-dressed fertilization under plastic film is beneficial for NPK uptakes at different growth stages, and thus increases economical return, nutrient uptake efficiencies and fertilizer partial factor productivities for N, P and K, but special attention should be paid to the decreased NP physiological efficiencies and the increased NP requirements under this practice.
【Objectives】 Water-conserved cultivation and fertilizer management have been the research focus in dryland cropping systems of China. Most attention has concentrated on yield formation and water utilization, less research on crop nutrient uptake and utilization. We investigated the effects of ridge mulching, furrow seeding,and optimized fertilizer placement on uptake and utilization of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K)and in order to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and profitable production of wheat in drylands.【Methods】 A continuous experiment in the fixed plots was conducted in the typical dryland of central Loess Plateau in the climatically normal year of 2013–2014, wet year of 2014–2015 and dry year of 2015–2016.Winter wheat was sown in three patterns: conventional flat pattern without plastic film mulching but with uniform fertilization(CP), ridge mulching, furrow seeding with uniform fertilization(RF), and ridge mulching,furrow seeding with side-dressed fertilization under plastic film(RFF). Yield, economic return, and nutrient uptakes and distributions, nutrient harvest indexes, nutrient uptake efficiencies, fertilizer partial factor productivities for N, P and K, and physiological efficiencies and requirements of N, P and K for grain yields were analyzed. 【Results】 Compared with CP, the yield under RF was increased by 9.5% and 6.3%,respectively, but the economic return and the rate of output to input under RF had no significant changes. In the normal year and dry year, RFF significantly increased the economic return and ratio of output to input by 23.4%and 9.1% compared to CP, and 21.5% and 14.6% compared to RF, averaged across the three years. Compared with CP, RF had no significant effects on NPK uptake efficiencies due to the decreased NPK uptakes after jointing stage of winter wheat, but it increased the N physiological efficiency and NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities by 7.7%, 7.1%, 8.1% and 6.7%, respectively, and decreased the N requirement for 100 kg grain by8.7%. Although RFF did not affect the NPK harvest indexes, NPK physiological efficiencies and NPK requirements for 100 kg grain, it increased the average NPK uptake efficiencies by 18.4%, 22.1% and 16.4% and NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities by 16.0%, 16.8% and 15.6%, respectively compared with CP.Compared with RF, RFF increased the NPK uptakes at anthesis and maturity and NPK distributions in straw and grain at maturity, and thus significantly increased NPK uptake efficiencies by 20.8%, 18.0% and 12.1%, NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities by 8.3%, 8.1% and 8.4%, NP requirements for 100 kg grain by 28.3% and10.0%, but decreased NP harvest indexes by 3.9% and 4.2%, NP physiological efficiencies by 9.5% and 8.1%,respectively, averaged across the three years. 【Conclusions】 Furrow seeding with uniform fertilization could decrease the N requirement and increase the N physiological efficiency and NPK fertilizer partial factor productivities, but not increase the overall economic return. Ridge mulching, furrow seeding with side-dressed fertilization under plastic film is beneficial for NPK uptakes at different growth stages, and thus increases economical return, nutrient uptake efficiencies and fertilizer partial factor productivities for N, P and K, but special attention should be paid to the decreased NP physiological efficiencies and the increased NP requirements under this practice.
引文
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[2]黄明,王朝辉,罗来超,等.膜侧施肥对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2017,43(6):899-911.Huang M,Wang Z H,Luo L C,et al.Effects of ridge mulching with side-dressing on grain yield,protein content and water use efficiency in dryland wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2017,43(6):899-911.
[3]Wang F H,He Z H,Sayre K,et al.Wheat cropping systems and technologies in China[J].Field Crops Research,2009,111:181-188.
[4]陈磊,郝明德,张少民,等.黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(2):230-235.Chen L,Hao M D,Zhang S M,et al.Effects of long term application of fertilizer on wheat nutrient uptake and soil fertility in Loess Plateau[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(2):230-235.
[5]刘金山,戴健,刘洋,等.过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):112-120.Liu J S,Dai J,Liu Y,et al.Effects of excessive nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon and nitrogen and nitrogen supply capacity in dryland[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(1):112-120.
[6]张礼军,鲁清林,白玉龙,等.施肥和覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦花后干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(3):149-160.Zhang L J,Lu Q L,Bai Y L,et al.Effects of different patterns of fertilization and mulching on the post-anthesis dry matter remobilization,sugar metabolism and grain yield of winter wheat in drylands[J].Acta Pratacultreae Sinica,2017,26(3):149-160.
[7]汤永禄,李朝苏,吴春,等.播种方式对丘陵旱地套作小麦立苗质量、产量及效益的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(24):5089-5097.Tang Y L,Li C S,Wu C,et al.Effects of sowing patterns on establishment quality,grain yield and production benefit of intercropping wheat in hilly countries[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(24):5089-5097.
[8]Li F M,Song Q H,Jemba K,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(11):1893-1902.
[9]柴守玺,杨长刚,张淑芳,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):787-796.Chai S X,Yang C G,Zhang S F,et al.Effects of plastic mulching modes on soil moisture and grain yield in dryland winter wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(5):787-796.
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