基于产量和养分含量的旱地小麦施磷量和土壤有效磷优化
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摘要
目的】探讨长期定位施磷条件下小麦产量、土壤有效磷水平及籽粒养分含量变化,为旱地小麦合理施用磷肥,提高产量、改善品质提供理论依据。【方法】基于2004年在黄土高原开始的长期定位试验,于2014—2015、2015—2016和2016—2017连续3年取样,研究不同施磷量对小麦产量,生物量,产量构成,籽粒氮、磷、钾含量,土壤有效磷含量及磷吸收利用的影响。【结果】与不施磷相比,长期施磷使小麦产量平均提高67%,生物量提高58%,穗数和穗粒数分别增加64%和8%,而千粒重降低7%。施磷量与小麦产量、生物量呈抛物线关系,获得最高产量6 465 kg·hm~(-2)的施磷量为144 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)。籽粒氮含量随施磷量增加而降低,磷和钾含量随施磷量增加而提高。土壤有效磷含量与施磷量呈显著正相关,小麦获得最高产量时播前和成熟期有效磷含量分别为16.9和20.4 mg·kg~(-1)。磷吸收利用效率随施磷量增加而降低,施磷量提高50 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),需磷量增加0.4 g·kg~(-1),磷收获指数降低1.3%,生理效率降低45.1 kg·kg~(-1)。【结论】综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和关键养分含量,研究区域旱地小麦应以95%的最高产量为实际生产目标,施磷量为94 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),播前土壤有效磷为12.0 mg·kg~(-1),成熟期为13.8 mg·kg~(-1)。
Objective】It is of great importance to explore the wheat grain yield,soil available phosphorus(P)and grain nutrient contents under a long term P application at different rates,for the purpose of appropriate P application,wheat yield increase and improvement of nutritional quality in drylands.【Method】Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different phosphorus(P)rates on wheat yield,biomass,yield components,grain nitrogen(N)-,P-and potassium(K)-contents,soil available P content,and P absorption and utilization,based on the long-term fixed field experiment which was initiated in 2004 in the Loess Plateau.Soil and plant samples were collected in the consecutive experimental years of 2014-2015,2015-2016 and 2016-2017.【Result】The three-year averaged results showed that long-term application of P increased wheat yield,biomass,spike number and grains per spike by 67%,58%,64%and 8%,respectively,while 1000-grain weight was decreased by 7%compared with no P application.The wheat yield and biomass were quadratically correlated with the P rate,and the maximum wheat yield was 6 465kg·hm~(-2) at P rate of 144 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2).The P and K content of grain increased with the P rate increasing,while the N content showed an opposite trend.There was a significant positive correlation between the soil available P content and the P rate.The soil available P was 16.9 mg·kg~(-1 )at sowing and 20.4 mg·kg~(-1 )at harvest when the maximum yield was occurred.The P absorption and utilization efficiency decreased with the increased of P rate.For each 50 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2) increment,the P requirement increased by 0.4 g·kg~(-1) for the grain yield formation,while the P harvest index and the P physiological efficiency decreased by 1.3%and 45.1 kg·kg~(-1),respectively.【Conclusion】By balancing the wheat grain yield and key nutrient contents,the target grain yield should be 95%of the maximum yield in drylands of the experimental area,and the corresponding P application rate should be kept at 94 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),the available P at 12.0 and 13.8 mg·kg~(-1) at sowing and harvest,respectively.
Objective】It is of great importance to explore the wheat grain yield,soil available phosphorus(P)and grain nutrient contents under a long term P application at different rates,for the purpose of appropriate P application,wheat yield increase and improvement of nutritional quality in drylands.【Method】Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different phosphorus(P)rates on wheat yield,biomass,yield components,grain nitrogen(N)-,P-and potassium(K)-contents,soil available P content,and P absorption and utilization,based on the long-term fixed field experiment which was initiated in 2004 in the Loess Plateau.Soil and plant samples were collected in the consecutive experimental years of 2014-2015,2015-2016 and 2016-2017.【Result】The three-year averaged results showed that long-term application of P increased wheat yield,biomass,spike number and grains per spike by 67%,58%,64%and 8%,respectively,while 1000-grain weight was decreased by 7%compared with no P application.The wheat yield and biomass were quadratically correlated with the P rate,and the maximum wheat yield was 6 465kg·hm~(-2) at P rate of 144 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2).The P and K content of grain increased with the P rate increasing,while the N content showed an opposite trend.There was a significant positive correlation between the soil available P content and the P rate.The soil available P was 16.9 mg·kg~(-1 )at sowing and 20.4 mg·kg~(-1 )at harvest when the maximum yield was occurred.The P absorption and utilization efficiency decreased with the increased of P rate.For each 50 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2) increment,the P requirement increased by 0.4 g·kg~(-1) for the grain yield formation,while the P harvest index and the P physiological efficiency decreased by 1.3%and 45.1 kg·kg~(-1),respectively.【Conclusion】By balancing the wheat grain yield and key nutrient contents,the target grain yield should be 95%of the maximum yield in drylands of the experimental area,and the corresponding P application rate should be kept at 94 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),the available P at 12.0 and 13.8 mg·kg~(-1) at sowing and harvest,respectively.
引文
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