广州城市流浪乞讨者的空间管治与日常生活实践
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摘要
以广州流浪乞讨者为研究对象,通过深度访谈等质性研究方法,解读针对流浪乞讨者的空间管治政策与手段,分析流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践与生境协商。研究发现:在地方城市政策对流动性与公共秩序限制的双重压力下,在流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践中,不仅有针对管治行动者而刻意为之的特殊营建,亦有基于程式化生活流程对自我身份认同的重塑与真情实感的展演。地方政府基于空间目标的救助与真实存在的日常生活实践存在着一种张力。研究关注了城市边缘群体日常生活对地理意义的主动塑造过程,对全面理解并规范管理中国城市流浪乞讨现象具有借鉴意义。
Taking homeless people in Guangzhou as an example, through the qualitative research methods such as non-participating observation and in-depth interviews, this article analyzes the spatial governance policies designated for urban homelessness and the subjective construction and agency excise of homelessness in the everyday life practice. The study finds that, under the dual pressure of urban policy on restriction of mobility and the accessibility to urban public space, the everyday life practice of homeless people is constituted in relation to conscious impression management for governing actors, and preconscious or unconscious flow of affect and self-identity embedding in their daily routine and lifestyle. They not only have the need to maintain basic survival, but also eager to pursue a better life in the city. The practice of everyday life not only demonstrates the agency of homeless, but more importantly emphasizes and highlights the true emotions, needs and identity of homeless as humanity. Their humanity, which challenged and manifested the urban mainstream groups and culture, portrayed their own choice of life paths. There is contingency between top-down social aid and actually existing everyday practices, as local government aims at spatial regulation per se rather than vitalizes human ethics. The research focuses on how the marginalized groups shape the symbolic meaning of space and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of the homeless in China.
Taking homeless people in Guangzhou as an example, through the qualitative research methods such as non-participating observation and in-depth interviews, this article analyzes the spatial governance policies designated for urban homelessness and the subjective construction and agency excise of homelessness in the everyday life practice. The study finds that, under the dual pressure of urban policy on restriction of mobility and the accessibility to urban public space, the everyday life practice of homeless people is constituted in relation to conscious impression management for governing actors, and preconscious or unconscious flow of affect and self-identity embedding in their daily routine and lifestyle. They not only have the need to maintain basic survival, but also eager to pursue a better life in the city. The practice of everyday life not only demonstrates the agency of homeless, but more importantly emphasizes and highlights the true emotions, needs and identity of homeless as humanity. Their humanity, which challenged and manifested the urban mainstream groups and culture, portrayed their own choice of life paths. There is contingency between top-down social aid and actually existing everyday practices, as local government aims at spatial regulation per se rather than vitalizes human ethics. The research focuses on how the marginalized groups shape the symbolic meaning of space and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of the homeless in China.
引文
[1] Merrifield A. The dialectics of dystopia:Disorder and zero tolerance in the city[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2000, 24(2):473-489.
[2] Marcuse P. Degentrification and advanced homelessness:New patterns, old processes[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 1993, 8(2):177-191.
[3] Mitchell D. Anti-homeless laws and public space:I. Begging and the first amendment[J]. Urban Geography, 1998, 19(1):6-11.
[4] DeVerteuil G, May J, Von Mahs J. Complexity not collapse:Recasting the geographies of homelessness in a‘punitive’age[J].Progress in Human Geography, 2009, 33(5):646-666.
[5] Pugh J. A sceptical approach to‘the everyday’:Relating Stanley Cavell and Human Geography[J]. Geoforum, 2017, 79:36-45.
[6] Eyles J. The geography of everyday life[M]//Gregory D, Walford R. Horizons in human geography. London:Macmill, 1989:102-117.
[7] Pred A. Social reproduction and the time-geography of everyday life[J]. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography,1981, 63(1):5-22.
[8] DeVerteuil G, Marr M, Snow D. Any space left? Homeless resistance by place-type in Los Angeles County[J]. Urban Geography, 2009, 30(6):633-651.
[9] Jupp E. The feeling of participation:Everyday spaces and urban change[J]. Geoforum, 2008, 39(1):331-343.
[10] Cloke P, May J, Johnsen S. Performativity and affect in the homeless city[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2008, 26(2):241-263.
[11] Rollinson P A. The everyday geography of the homeless in Kansas City[J]. Geografiska Annaler:Series B, Human Geography,1998, 80(2):101-115.
[12] Casey R, Goudie R, Reeve K. Homeless women in public spaces:Strategies of resistance[J]. Housing Studies, 2008, 23(6):899-916.
[13] Snow D A, Mulcahy M. Space, politics, and the survival strategies of the homeless[J]. American Behavioral Scientist, 2001,45(1):149-169.
[14]冯新转.城市拾荒者社会融入状况研究[D].南京:南京大学,2013.[Feng Xinzhuan. A study on social integration of the Junkman:A case study of the Junkman in Nanjing. Nanjing:Nanjing University, 2013.]
[15]刘能,宋庆宇.街头流浪现象的社会生产:制度的和文化的解释[J].学海, 2017(2):102-114.[Liu Neng, Song Qingyu. Social production of Street Rovers:Institutional and cultural explanation. Academia Bimestrie, 2017(2):102-114.]
[16]陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.广州拾荒者的身体实践与空间建构[J].地理学报, 2017, 72(12):2199-2213.[Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu,Zhu Hong. Scavengers’bodily practices and spatial construction in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12):2199-2213.]
[17]黄耿志,薛德升. 1990年以来广州市摊贩空间政治的规训机制[J].地理学报, 2011, 66(8):1063-1075.[Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Discipline and anti-discipline:Spatial politics of urban street vending in Guangzhou since the 1990s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(8):1063-1075.]
[18]严峻.广州10年救助流浪汉36万人次数量居全国之首[N/OL].广州日报,2013-11-07.http://edu.china.com.cn/2013-11/07/content_30521258.htm.[Yan Jun. 360 thousand vagrants have been succoured in 10 years in Guangzhou, ranked first in the whole country. Guangzhou Daily, 2013-11-07.http://edu.china.com.cn/2013-11/07/content_30521258.htm.]
[19]高中华.从收容遣送到救助管理——我国城市流浪乞讨人员救助制度的变迁[J].当代中国史研究, 2009, 16(6):86-93+127-128.[Gao Zhonghua. From custody and repatriation to salvage management:The vicissitudes of the assistance system for the homeless in Chinese cities. Contemporary China History Studies, 2009, 16(6):86-93+127-128.]
[20]罗柳周.广州流浪乞讨人员现象的考察与思考[J].社会, 2004(10):18-22+57.[Luo Liuzhou. Investigation and thinking on the phenomenon of homelessness in Guangzhou. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2004(10):18-22+57.]
[21]杨聪.从日常生活实践开始——试论流动人口微观研究的路径依赖[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008(2):103-108.[Yang Cong. From the routine life:On the approach of the micro-study of the labor migrants. China Agricultural University Journal of Social Sciences Edition, 2008(2):103-108.]
[22]钱俊希,张瀚.想象、展演与权力:西藏旅游过程中的“他者性”建构[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(6):82-93.[Qian Junxi, Zhang Han.Imagination, performance and power:The construction of otherness in Tibetan tourism. Tourism Tribune,2016,31(6):82-93.]
[23] Hubbard P. Accommodating Otherness:Anti-asylum centre protest and the maintenance of white privilege[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2005, 30(1):52-65.
[24]方创琳,鲍超,黄金川,等.中国城镇化发展的地理学贡献与责任使命[J].地理科学,2018,38(3):321-331.[Fang Chuanglin,Bao Chao, Huang Jinchuan et al. Contribution, responsibility and mission of geography on China’s urbanization development. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(3):321-331.]
[25]丁传标,赵永琪,陶伟.城市化进程中家屋空间重构的过程、内容与逻辑——以广州珠村为例[J].地理科学,2017,37(9):1326-1336.[Ding Chuanbiao, Zhao Yongqi, Tao Wei. The reconstruction of household of Zhucun in Guangzhou in the process of the rapid urbanization. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017, 37(9):1326-1336.]
[26]郭友良,李郇.转型期城市居住用地更新的空间加密化研究——广州市金花街改造再考[J].地理科学,2018,38(2):161-167.[Guo Youliang, Li Xun. Redevelopment of residential land and the densification of inner city admist transition:Revisiting the case of Jinhua neighbourhood in Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(2):161-167.]
[27]刘云刚,周雯婷,黄徐璐,等.全球化背景下在华跨国移民社区的空间生产——广州远景路韩国人聚居区的案例研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):976-986.[Liu Yungang, Zhou Wenting,Huang Xulu et al. Production of space of South Korean enclave in Yuanjing road, Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(7):976-986.]
(1)根据《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法》(中华人民共和国国务院令第381号)相关内容整理。
(2)根据2017年3月31日广州市统计局《2016年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报》整理。
(1)根据2003年7月21日民政部文件《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法实施细则》([2003]24号)整理。
[2] Marcuse P. Degentrification and advanced homelessness:New patterns, old processes[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 1993, 8(2):177-191.
[3] Mitchell D. Anti-homeless laws and public space:I. Begging and the first amendment[J]. Urban Geography, 1998, 19(1):6-11.
[4] DeVerteuil G, May J, Von Mahs J. Complexity not collapse:Recasting the geographies of homelessness in a‘punitive’age[J].Progress in Human Geography, 2009, 33(5):646-666.
[5] Pugh J. A sceptical approach to‘the everyday’:Relating Stanley Cavell and Human Geography[J]. Geoforum, 2017, 79:36-45.
[6] Eyles J. The geography of everyday life[M]//Gregory D, Walford R. Horizons in human geography. London:Macmill, 1989:102-117.
[7] Pred A. Social reproduction and the time-geography of everyday life[J]. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography,1981, 63(1):5-22.
[8] DeVerteuil G, Marr M, Snow D. Any space left? Homeless resistance by place-type in Los Angeles County[J]. Urban Geography, 2009, 30(6):633-651.
[9] Jupp E. The feeling of participation:Everyday spaces and urban change[J]. Geoforum, 2008, 39(1):331-343.
[10] Cloke P, May J, Johnsen S. Performativity and affect in the homeless city[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2008, 26(2):241-263.
[11] Rollinson P A. The everyday geography of the homeless in Kansas City[J]. Geografiska Annaler:Series B, Human Geography,1998, 80(2):101-115.
[12] Casey R, Goudie R, Reeve K. Homeless women in public spaces:Strategies of resistance[J]. Housing Studies, 2008, 23(6):899-916.
[13] Snow D A, Mulcahy M. Space, politics, and the survival strategies of the homeless[J]. American Behavioral Scientist, 2001,45(1):149-169.
[14]冯新转.城市拾荒者社会融入状况研究[D].南京:南京大学,2013.[Feng Xinzhuan. A study on social integration of the Junkman:A case study of the Junkman in Nanjing. Nanjing:Nanjing University, 2013.]
[15]刘能,宋庆宇.街头流浪现象的社会生产:制度的和文化的解释[J].学海, 2017(2):102-114.[Liu Neng, Song Qingyu. Social production of Street Rovers:Institutional and cultural explanation. Academia Bimestrie, 2017(2):102-114.]
[16]陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.广州拾荒者的身体实践与空间建构[J].地理学报, 2017, 72(12):2199-2213.[Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu,Zhu Hong. Scavengers’bodily practices and spatial construction in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12):2199-2213.]
[17]黄耿志,薛德升. 1990年以来广州市摊贩空间政治的规训机制[J].地理学报, 2011, 66(8):1063-1075.[Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Discipline and anti-discipline:Spatial politics of urban street vending in Guangzhou since the 1990s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(8):1063-1075.]
[18]严峻.广州10年救助流浪汉36万人次数量居全国之首[N/OL].广州日报,2013-11-07.http://edu.china.com.cn/2013-11/07/content_30521258.htm.[Yan Jun. 360 thousand vagrants have been succoured in 10 years in Guangzhou, ranked first in the whole country. Guangzhou Daily, 2013-11-07.http://edu.china.com.cn/2013-11/07/content_30521258.htm.]
[19]高中华.从收容遣送到救助管理——我国城市流浪乞讨人员救助制度的变迁[J].当代中国史研究, 2009, 16(6):86-93+127-128.[Gao Zhonghua. From custody and repatriation to salvage management:The vicissitudes of the assistance system for the homeless in Chinese cities. Contemporary China History Studies, 2009, 16(6):86-93+127-128.]
[20]罗柳周.广州流浪乞讨人员现象的考察与思考[J].社会, 2004(10):18-22+57.[Luo Liuzhou. Investigation and thinking on the phenomenon of homelessness in Guangzhou. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2004(10):18-22+57.]
[21]杨聪.从日常生活实践开始——试论流动人口微观研究的路径依赖[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008(2):103-108.[Yang Cong. From the routine life:On the approach of the micro-study of the labor migrants. China Agricultural University Journal of Social Sciences Edition, 2008(2):103-108.]
[22]钱俊希,张瀚.想象、展演与权力:西藏旅游过程中的“他者性”建构[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(6):82-93.[Qian Junxi, Zhang Han.Imagination, performance and power:The construction of otherness in Tibetan tourism. Tourism Tribune,2016,31(6):82-93.]
[23] Hubbard P. Accommodating Otherness:Anti-asylum centre protest and the maintenance of white privilege[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2005, 30(1):52-65.
[24]方创琳,鲍超,黄金川,等.中国城镇化发展的地理学贡献与责任使命[J].地理科学,2018,38(3):321-331.[Fang Chuanglin,Bao Chao, Huang Jinchuan et al. Contribution, responsibility and mission of geography on China’s urbanization development. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(3):321-331.]
[25]丁传标,赵永琪,陶伟.城市化进程中家屋空间重构的过程、内容与逻辑——以广州珠村为例[J].地理科学,2017,37(9):1326-1336.[Ding Chuanbiao, Zhao Yongqi, Tao Wei. The reconstruction of household of Zhucun in Guangzhou in the process of the rapid urbanization. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017, 37(9):1326-1336.]
[26]郭友良,李郇.转型期城市居住用地更新的空间加密化研究——广州市金花街改造再考[J].地理科学,2018,38(2):161-167.[Guo Youliang, Li Xun. Redevelopment of residential land and the densification of inner city admist transition:Revisiting the case of Jinhua neighbourhood in Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(2):161-167.]
[27]刘云刚,周雯婷,黄徐璐,等.全球化背景下在华跨国移民社区的空间生产——广州远景路韩国人聚居区的案例研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):976-986.[Liu Yungang, Zhou Wenting,Huang Xulu et al. Production of space of South Korean enclave in Yuanjing road, Guangzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(7):976-986.]
(1)根据《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法》(中华人民共和国国务院令第381号)相关内容整理。
(2)根据2017年3月31日广州市统计局《2016年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报》整理。
(1)根据2003年7月21日民政部文件《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法实施细则》([2003]24号)整理。