论爱略特对罗莎蒙德的“敌意塑造”
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摘要
乔治·爱略特在其代表作《米德尔马契》中塑造了集美貌、才艺和优雅于一身、却又引发读者恐惧和厌恶的"理想女性"罗莎蒙德。评论界质疑爱略特以敌意想象去塑造这一人物形象。本文通过对文本和相关历史背景的分析,认为罗莎蒙德是爱略特所秉持的人生实验写作主张的结果,是美貌与浮浅的淑女教育相遇所产生的高度符号化的致命女性。
Rosamond is an ideal lady of beauty,accomplishments and elegance in George Eliot's representative work Middlemarch,while she also elicits fear and loathing from the reader.Eliot has been accused of casting hostility on this lady.Through an analysis of the text and the historical context,the author concludes that Rosamond is the result of Eliot's concept of "experiments-in-life".
Rosamond is an ideal lady of beauty,accomplishments and elegance in George Eliot's representative work Middlemarch,while she also elicits fear and loathing from the reader.Eliot has been accused of casting hostility on this lady.Through an analysis of the text and the historical context,the author concludes that Rosamond is the result of Eliot's concept of "experiments-in-life".
引文
(1)Frederick R.Carl,Voice of a Century(New York&London:W.W.Norton,1976),p.497.
(2)F.R.Leavis,The Great Tradition(New York:New York UP,1963),pp.67-68.
(3)Anne E.Patrick,“Rosamond Rescued:George Eliot's Critique of Sexism in Middlemarch”,The Journal of Religion(Apr.1987),p.223.
(4)Judith Mitchell,The Stone and the Scorpion:The Female Subject of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte,George Eliot and Thomas Hardy(London:Greenwood Press,1994),pp.124-125.
(5)B.G.Hornback ed.,George Eliot:Middlemarch(New York and London:W.W.Norton,1999),p.628.
(6)R.H.Hutton是维多利亚时代一位颇有名气的文学评论家。在爱略特去世之后评论界对《米德尔马契》评价降低之际,他力主《米》是爱略特杰作,在人物塑造的完整性和所展示的人生宽度等方面是其它作品无法逾越的。参见Joan Bennett,George Eliot:Her Mind and Her Art(Cambridge:Cambridge UP,1978),160页.
(7)阿里阿德涅是希腊罗马神话中克里特岛国王米诺斯的女儿。她爱上忒修斯并助他杀死牛头怪米诺陶洛斯,随对方逃离故国,却在纳克索斯岛被抛弃。
(8)乔治·爱略特:《米德尔马契》,项星耀译,人民文学出版社1987年版,356页。以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。
(9)Kerry Mc Sweeney,Middlemarch(London:George Allan&Urwin,1984),p.67.
(10)在《米德尔马契》第69章,作者指出,“在不幸的罗莎蒙德的心中,从来没有过可以使奢华生活相形见绌的广阔天地。”(825页)可见作者对这个人物有着相当的理解和同情。
(11)Anne E.Patrick,“Rosamond Rescued:George Eliot's Critique of Sexism in‘Middlemarch'”,p.223.
(12)Judith Mitchell,The Stone and the Scorpion:The Female Subject of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte,George Eliot and Thomas Hardy,p.124.
(13)George Eliot,The George Eliot Letters,Vol.8,ed.Gordon S.Haight(New Haven:Yale UP,1954-1978),pp.42-43.
(14)Herbert Spencer,An Autobiography,Vol.1(New York:D.Appleton and Company,1904),p.95.
(15)Martin N.Raitiere,The Complicity of Friends:How George Eliot,G.H.Lewes and John Hughlings-Jackson Encoded Herbert Spencer's Secret(Lewisburg:Bucknell UP,2014),pp.3-5.
(16)Frederick R.Karl,George Eliot:Voice of a Century,p.272.
(17)Frederick R.Karl,George Eliot:Voice of a Century,p.272.
(18)Judith Mitchell,The Stone and the Scorpion:The Female Subjects of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Bront3,George Eliot,and Thomas Hardy,pp.124-125.
(19)Nancy L.Paxton,George Eliot and Spenser:Feminism,Evolutionism and the Reconstruction of Gender,p.172.
(20)Herbert Spencer,“Physical Training”,British Quarterly Review(April 1859),pp.362-97;The Principles of Biology(London:Williams and Norgate,1864-1867);“Psychology of the Sexes”,Popular Science Monthly 4(1873),pp.30-38.
(21)Nancy L.Paxton,George Eliot and Spenser:Feminism,Evolutionism and the Reconstruction of Gender,p.176.
(22)在爱略特英文版原著中原文为“sirens”,项译为“海妖”,笔者考虑其所指对象罗莎蒙德的特点,自译为“塞壬女妖”。
(23)Joan Bennett在其著作George Eliot:Her Mind and Her Art第164页上称罗莎蒙德为“莱蒙太太精修学校美丽、优雅的产品”(the pretty,refined product of Miss Lemon's finishing school),似乎对罗莎蒙德与其所受淑女教育之间的关系有所暗示,但作者并没有对此展开论述.
(24)Herbert Spencer,Herbert Spencer on Education,ed.F.A.Cavenagh(London:Cambridge UP,1932),p.5.
(25)George Eliot,The Essays of George Eliot,ed.Thomas Pinney(New York:Columbia UP,1963),p.317.
(26)George Eliot,The George Eliot Letters,Vol.5,p.107.
(27)Patrick Swinden ed.,George Eliot:Middlemarch(London:Macmillan,1987),p.66.
(28)B.G.Hornback ed.,George Eliot:Middlemarch,p.581.
(29)George Eliot,The George Eliot Letters,Vol.6,216页。尽管这一提法因其所隐含的科学实验性与文学创作不合而颇受诟病,这对于爱略特的创作来说却是实情,她的后期作品因其先入之见而导致艺术性受到质疑,爱略特去世之后声名陡降与此有关。然而,幸运的是,《米德尔马契》没有因其创作方法而受影响,其真实性受到诸多评论家的肯定,其中包括对其先入之见颇有微词的詹姆斯.
(30)Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar,The Mad Woman in the Attic(New Haven and London:Yale UP,1976),p.460.
(2)F.R.Leavis,The Great Tradition(New York:New York UP,1963),pp.67-68.
(3)Anne E.Patrick,“Rosamond Rescued:George Eliot's Critique of Sexism in Middlemarch”,The Journal of Religion(Apr.1987),p.223.
(4)Judith Mitchell,The Stone and the Scorpion:The Female Subject of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte,George Eliot and Thomas Hardy(London:Greenwood Press,1994),pp.124-125.
(5)B.G.Hornback ed.,George Eliot:Middlemarch(New York and London:W.W.Norton,1999),p.628.
(6)R.H.Hutton是维多利亚时代一位颇有名气的文学评论家。在爱略特去世之后评论界对《米德尔马契》评价降低之际,他力主《米》是爱略特杰作,在人物塑造的完整性和所展示的人生宽度等方面是其它作品无法逾越的。参见Joan Bennett,George Eliot:Her Mind and Her Art(Cambridge:Cambridge UP,1978),160页.
(7)阿里阿德涅是希腊罗马神话中克里特岛国王米诺斯的女儿。她爱上忒修斯并助他杀死牛头怪米诺陶洛斯,随对方逃离故国,却在纳克索斯岛被抛弃。
(8)乔治·爱略特:《米德尔马契》,项星耀译,人民文学出版社1987年版,356页。以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。
(9)Kerry Mc Sweeney,Middlemarch(London:George Allan&Urwin,1984),p.67.
(10)在《米德尔马契》第69章,作者指出,“在不幸的罗莎蒙德的心中,从来没有过可以使奢华生活相形见绌的广阔天地。”(825页)可见作者对这个人物有着相当的理解和同情。
(11)Anne E.Patrick,“Rosamond Rescued:George Eliot's Critique of Sexism in‘Middlemarch'”,p.223.
(12)Judith Mitchell,The Stone and the Scorpion:The Female Subject of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte,George Eliot and Thomas Hardy,p.124.
(13)George Eliot,The George Eliot Letters,Vol.8,ed.Gordon S.Haight(New Haven:Yale UP,1954-1978),pp.42-43.
(14)Herbert Spencer,An Autobiography,Vol.1(New York:D.Appleton and Company,1904),p.95.
(15)Martin N.Raitiere,The Complicity of Friends:How George Eliot,G.H.Lewes and John Hughlings-Jackson Encoded Herbert Spencer's Secret(Lewisburg:Bucknell UP,2014),pp.3-5.
(16)Frederick R.Karl,George Eliot:Voice of a Century,p.272.
(17)Frederick R.Karl,George Eliot:Voice of a Century,p.272.
(18)Judith Mitchell,The Stone and the Scorpion:The Female Subjects of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Bront3,George Eliot,and Thomas Hardy,pp.124-125.
(19)Nancy L.Paxton,George Eliot and Spenser:Feminism,Evolutionism and the Reconstruction of Gender,p.172.
(20)Herbert Spencer,“Physical Training”,British Quarterly Review(April 1859),pp.362-97;The Principles of Biology(London:Williams and Norgate,1864-1867);“Psychology of the Sexes”,Popular Science Monthly 4(1873),pp.30-38.
(21)Nancy L.Paxton,George Eliot and Spenser:Feminism,Evolutionism and the Reconstruction of Gender,p.176.
(22)在爱略特英文版原著中原文为“sirens”,项译为“海妖”,笔者考虑其所指对象罗莎蒙德的特点,自译为“塞壬女妖”。
(23)Joan Bennett在其著作George Eliot:Her Mind and Her Art第164页上称罗莎蒙德为“莱蒙太太精修学校美丽、优雅的产品”(the pretty,refined product of Miss Lemon's finishing school),似乎对罗莎蒙德与其所受淑女教育之间的关系有所暗示,但作者并没有对此展开论述.
(24)Herbert Spencer,Herbert Spencer on Education,ed.F.A.Cavenagh(London:Cambridge UP,1932),p.5.
(25)George Eliot,The Essays of George Eliot,ed.Thomas Pinney(New York:Columbia UP,1963),p.317.
(26)George Eliot,The George Eliot Letters,Vol.5,p.107.
(27)Patrick Swinden ed.,George Eliot:Middlemarch(London:Macmillan,1987),p.66.
(28)B.G.Hornback ed.,George Eliot:Middlemarch,p.581.
(29)George Eliot,The George Eliot Letters,Vol.6,216页。尽管这一提法因其所隐含的科学实验性与文学创作不合而颇受诟病,这对于爱略特的创作来说却是实情,她的后期作品因其先入之见而导致艺术性受到质疑,爱略特去世之后声名陡降与此有关。然而,幸运的是,《米德尔马契》没有因其创作方法而受影响,其真实性受到诸多评论家的肯定,其中包括对其先入之见颇有微词的詹姆斯.
(30)Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar,The Mad Woman in the Attic(New Haven and London:Yale UP,1976),p.460.