约翰逊政府“社区行动计划”的历史考察——兼论美国联邦政府资助公民参与的政策
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摘要
"社区行动计划"是约翰逊政府"向贫困开战"运动的核心立法,是在美国社会、经济和政治环境发生深刻变化的背景下提出的。该计划旨在通过联邦政府支持贫困人口参与的方式,应对日益严重的城市贫困现象,是联邦社会福利政策和公民参与政策的结合。"社区行动计划"的两个创新——绕过地方政治建制的联邦政府与地方社区的合作以及对贫困人口"最切实可行的参与"的要求——蕴含着内在的调整机制,确保"社区行动计划"支持的公民参与停留在政治社会化的轨道上。
The Community Action Program is the core piece of Johnson Administration's War on Poverty legislation emerged from the changing social,economic and domestic and international political environment.The Program is a combination of federal social welfare policy and citizen participation policy aimed at funding the participation of the poor population in community action to combat increasing urban poverty conditions of American.There are two innovative arrangements,bypassing the state and metropolitan political establishments through direct cooperation between federal government and local communities,requiring the maximum feasible participation of the poor into community action,which embodied a dynamics to ensure the citizen participation funded by the Federal government in the tracks of political socialization.
The Community Action Program is the core piece of Johnson Administration's War on Poverty legislation emerged from the changing social,economic and domestic and international political environment.The Program is a combination of federal social welfare policy and citizen participation policy aimed at funding the participation of the poor population in community action to combat increasing urban poverty conditions of American.There are two innovative arrangements,bypassing the state and metropolitan political establishments through direct cooperation between federal government and local communities,requiring the maximum feasible participation of the poor into community action,which embodied a dynamics to ensure the citizen participation funded by the Federal government in the tracks of political socialization.
引文
[1]Public Law 88-452[DB/OL].Heinonline Citation:78Stat.508 1964,2015-12-12.
[2]胡锦山.美国黑人城市化与五六十年代黑人民权运动[J].厦门大学学报:哲学社会科学版,1998(2).
[3]Cazenave,Noel A.Impossible Democracy:The Unlikely Success of the War on Poverty Community Action Program[M].Albany:State University of New York Press,2007.
[4]Goldstein,Alyosha.Poverty in Common:The Politics of Community Action during the American Century[M].Durham,NC and London:Duke University Press,2012.
[5]Melish,Tara J.Maximum Feasible Participation of the Poor:New Governance,New Accountability,and a 21st Century War on the Sources of Poverty[J/OL].Yale Human Rights and Development Journal,2010,13(1):http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yhrdlj/vol13/iss1/1.2015-12-12.
[6]Johnson,Lyndon B.President's Special Message to Congress Proposing a Nationwide War on the Sources of Poverty[EB/OL].March 16,1964,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26109.2015-12-12.
[7]March,Michael S.Coordination of the War on Poverty[J].Law and Contemporary Problems,1966,31(1).
[8]Rubin,Lillian.Maximum Feasible Participation:The Origins,Implications,and Present Status[M].The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,1969,385.
[9]David,Stephen M.Leadership of the Poor in Poverty Programs[J].Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science,1968,29(1).
[10]Public Law 89-794[EB/OL].Heinonline Citation:80Stat.1451 1966,2015-12-12.
[11]Banks,Manley E,Wikstrom,Nelson,Moon,Michon.Transformative Leadership in the Post-Civil Rights Era:The“War on Poverty”and the Emergence of African-American Municipal Political Leadership[J].The Western Journal of Black Studies,1996,20(4).
[12][美]迈克尔·桑德尔.民主的不满——美国在寻求一种公共哲学[M].曾纪茂,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2012.
[13]Public Law 90-222[DB/OL].Heinonline Citation:81Stat.672 1967—1968.2015-12-12.
[14]Kotler,Milton.The Politics of Community Economic Development[J].Law and Contemporary Problems,1971,36(1).
[15]Weissman,Stephen R.The Limits of Citizen Participation:Lessons from San Francisco's Model Cities Program[J].The Western Political Quarterly,1978,31(1).
[16]Participation of the Poor:Section 202(a)(3)Organizations under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964[J].The Yale Law Journal,1966,75(4).
(1)吴金平:《评六十年代美国反贫困斗争》,《山东师大学报》1995年第3期;罗思东:《美国城市中的邻里组织与社区治理》,《中国政法大学学报》2007年第2期。
(2)从约翰逊政府圈内人转投为尼克松总统城市事务顾问的丹尼尔·莫伊尼汉(Moynihan,Daniel P.),1970年出版了一本资料性很强的专著,即Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding:Community Action in the War on Poverty(New York:The Free Press and London,Collier-Macmillan,1969)。
(1)在《美国为什么失去对贫困的战争以及如何赢得战争》(Stricker,Frank.Why America Lost the War on Poverty---And How to Win It,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2007.)一书中,历史学者弗兰克·斯特里克运用西方马克思主义观点,得出了“社区行动计划”为代表的反贫困措施不能改变美国的根本政治经济制度,因而不能解决贫困问题的结论。社会历史学者诺埃尔·卡泽纳夫通过对纽约市的两个社区行动项目进行案例研究(Noel A.Cazenave,Impossible Democracy:The Unlikely Success of the War on Poverty Community Action Program,Albany:State University of New York Press,2007.),指出社区行动虽没有实现解决社会经济问题的目标,但是留下了积极的政治遗产,包括今天仍在美国存在和扩散的社区组织。阿廖沙·戈德斯坦的著作《共同贫困:美国世纪的社区行动政治学》(Alyosha Goldstein,Poverty in Common:The Politics of Community Action during the American Century,Durham,NC and London:Duke University Press,2012.)则从冷战期间海外帝国建设和内部国家建设互动的视角,探讨了用心理的、情感的甚至实用工具为穷人赋权,使之参与到“美国生活方式”的必要性。
[2]胡锦山.美国黑人城市化与五六十年代黑人民权运动[J].厦门大学学报:哲学社会科学版,1998(2).
[3]Cazenave,Noel A.Impossible Democracy:The Unlikely Success of the War on Poverty Community Action Program[M].Albany:State University of New York Press,2007.
[4]Goldstein,Alyosha.Poverty in Common:The Politics of Community Action during the American Century[M].Durham,NC and London:Duke University Press,2012.
[5]Melish,Tara J.Maximum Feasible Participation of the Poor:New Governance,New Accountability,and a 21st Century War on the Sources of Poverty[J/OL].Yale Human Rights and Development Journal,2010,13(1):http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yhrdlj/vol13/iss1/1.2015-12-12.
[6]Johnson,Lyndon B.President's Special Message to Congress Proposing a Nationwide War on the Sources of Poverty[EB/OL].March 16,1964,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26109.2015-12-12.
[7]March,Michael S.Coordination of the War on Poverty[J].Law and Contemporary Problems,1966,31(1).
[8]Rubin,Lillian.Maximum Feasible Participation:The Origins,Implications,and Present Status[M].The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,1969,385.
[9]David,Stephen M.Leadership of the Poor in Poverty Programs[J].Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science,1968,29(1).
[10]Public Law 89-794[EB/OL].Heinonline Citation:80Stat.1451 1966,2015-12-12.
[11]Banks,Manley E,Wikstrom,Nelson,Moon,Michon.Transformative Leadership in the Post-Civil Rights Era:The“War on Poverty”and the Emergence of African-American Municipal Political Leadership[J].The Western Journal of Black Studies,1996,20(4).
[12][美]迈克尔·桑德尔.民主的不满——美国在寻求一种公共哲学[M].曾纪茂,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2012.
[13]Public Law 90-222[DB/OL].Heinonline Citation:81Stat.672 1967—1968.2015-12-12.
[14]Kotler,Milton.The Politics of Community Economic Development[J].Law and Contemporary Problems,1971,36(1).
[15]Weissman,Stephen R.The Limits of Citizen Participation:Lessons from San Francisco's Model Cities Program[J].The Western Political Quarterly,1978,31(1).
[16]Participation of the Poor:Section 202(a)(3)Organizations under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964[J].The Yale Law Journal,1966,75(4).
(1)吴金平:《评六十年代美国反贫困斗争》,《山东师大学报》1995年第3期;罗思东:《美国城市中的邻里组织与社区治理》,《中国政法大学学报》2007年第2期。
(2)从约翰逊政府圈内人转投为尼克松总统城市事务顾问的丹尼尔·莫伊尼汉(Moynihan,Daniel P.),1970年出版了一本资料性很强的专著,即Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding:Community Action in the War on Poverty(New York:The Free Press and London,Collier-Macmillan,1969)。
(1)在《美国为什么失去对贫困的战争以及如何赢得战争》(Stricker,Frank.Why America Lost the War on Poverty---And How to Win It,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2007.)一书中,历史学者弗兰克·斯特里克运用西方马克思主义观点,得出了“社区行动计划”为代表的反贫困措施不能改变美国的根本政治经济制度,因而不能解决贫困问题的结论。社会历史学者诺埃尔·卡泽纳夫通过对纽约市的两个社区行动项目进行案例研究(Noel A.Cazenave,Impossible Democracy:The Unlikely Success of the War on Poverty Community Action Program,Albany:State University of New York Press,2007.),指出社区行动虽没有实现解决社会经济问题的目标,但是留下了积极的政治遗产,包括今天仍在美国存在和扩散的社区组织。阿廖沙·戈德斯坦的著作《共同贫困:美国世纪的社区行动政治学》(Alyosha Goldstein,Poverty in Common:The Politics of Community Action during the American Century,Durham,NC and London:Duke University Press,2012.)则从冷战期间海外帝国建设和内部国家建设互动的视角,探讨了用心理的、情感的甚至实用工具为穷人赋权,使之参与到“美国生活方式”的必要性。