移民排斥理论与实证研究进展
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摘要
欧美各国在政治上强烈的"反移民"浪潮激起了学术界广泛关注,移民排斥情绪为什么愈演愈烈,产生移民排斥的根本原因是什么?在理论上,理性经济利己主义主张经济威胁的重要性,而族群利益更强调种族认同等象征性威胁。实证研究则主要聚焦于劳动力市场竞争、财税负担、公共服务挤占、象征性威胁等方面,但由于经验证据存在理论视角差异、忽视异质性及样本选择等问题,研究结论并不一致。而国内对于当地居民的迁移排斥或迁移接纳问题缺乏必要的关注,未来有待在建设调查数据库、区分异质性及探讨方言影响等方面进行拓展。
The politically strong wave of anti-immigration in Europe and the United States has spurred widespread concern in the academia. Why is the anti-immigrant sentiment getting more and more intense and what are behind the anti-immigrant sentiment? Theoretically, self-interest explanation focuses on the importance of economic threats,while group-interest explanation places more emphasis on symbolic threats such as ethnic identity. Empirical studies have examined various causes,including labor market competition,fiscal and tax burdens,public service overcrowding,and symbolic threats. However,conclusions from these studies are inconsistent due to differences in theoretical perspectives and lack of attention to sample heterogeneity or selection bias. Currently,there are few literatures on either pro-or anti-immigration in China,and future studies need to explore topics such as database construction, heterogeneity, and dialects or other cultural characteristic among immigrants.
The politically strong wave of anti-immigration in Europe and the United States has spurred widespread concern in the academia. Why is the anti-immigrant sentiment getting more and more intense and what are behind the anti-immigrant sentiment? Theoretically, self-interest explanation focuses on the importance of economic threats,while group-interest explanation places more emphasis on symbolic threats such as ethnic identity. Empirical studies have examined various causes,including labor market competition,fiscal and tax burdens,public service overcrowding,and symbolic threats. However,conclusions from these studies are inconsistent due to differences in theoretical perspectives and lack of attention to sample heterogeneity or selection bias. Currently,there are few literatures on either pro-or anti-immigration in China,and future studies need to explore topics such as database construction, heterogeneity, and dialects or other cultural characteristic among immigrants.
引文
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Anderson,Christopher&Shawn Reichert(1995).Economic Benefits and Support for Membership in the E.U.:A Cross-National Analysis.Journal of Public Policy,15(3),231-249.
Azrout,Rachid,Joost van Spanje&Claes de Vreese(2011).Talking Turkey:Antiimmigrant Attitudes and Their Effect on Support for Turkish Membership of the EU.European Union Politics,12(1),3-19.
Betts,Julian&Robert Fairlie(2003).Does Immigration Induce“Native Flight”from Public Schools into Private Schools?Journal of Public Economics,87(5-6),987-1012.
Bianchi,Milo,Paolo Buonanno&Paolo Pinotti(2012).Do Immigrants Cause Crime?Journal of the European Economic Association,10(6),1318-1347.
Bloom,Pazit Ben-Nun,Gizem Arikan&Marie Courtemanche(2015).Religious Social Identity,Religious Belief,and Anti-Immigration Sentiment.American Political Science Review,109(2),203-221.
Bobo,Lawrence(1988).Group Conflict,Prejudice,and the Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes.In Phyllis Katz&Dalmas Taylor(eds.),Eliminating Racism:Profiles in Controversy.New York:Plenum Press,pp.85-114.
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Borjas,George,Jeffrey Grogger&Gordon Hanson(2010).Immigration and the Economic Status of African-American Men.Econometrica,77(306),255-282.
Braakmann,Nils,Muhammad Waqas&John Wildman(2017).Are Immigrants in Favour of Immigration?Evidence from England and Wales.The B.E.Journal of Economic Analysis&Policy,17(1),1-16.
Brader,Ted,Nicholas Valentino&Elizabeth Suhay(2008).What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration?Anxiety,Group Cues,and Immigration Threat.American Journal of Political Science,52(4),959-978.
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Davidson,Theresa&Karlye Burson(2017).Keep Those Kids Out:Nativism and Attitudes Toward Access to Public Education for the Children of Undocumented Immigrants.Journal of Latinos and Education,16(1),41-50.
Dustmann,Christian&Ian Preston(2004).Racial and Economic Factors in Attitudes to Immigration.The BE Journal of Economic Analysis&Policy,7(1),1-41.
Eger,Maureen(2010).Even in Sweden:The Effect of Immigration on Support for Welfare State Spending.European Sociological Review,26(2),203-217.
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Facchini,Giovanni,Maria Mayda&Mariapia Mendola(2013).What Drives Individual Attitudes Towards Immigration in South Africa?Review of International Economics,21(2),326-341.
Fetzer,Joel(2000).Public Attitudes Toward Immigration in the United States,France,and Germany.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Fix,Michael&Wendy Zimmerman(1993).Educating Immigrant Children:Chapter 1 in the Changing City.Washington D.C.:Urban Institute Press.
Ford,Robert(2011).Acceptable and Unacceptable Immigrants:How Opposition to Immigration in Britain is Affected by Migrants’Region of Origin.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,37(7),1017-1037.
Gabel,Matthew(1998).Economic Integration and Mass Politics:Market Liberalization and Public Attitudes in the European Union.American Journal of Political Science,42(3),936-953.
Garand,James,Ping Xu&Belinda Davis(2017).Immigration Attitudes and Support for the Welfare State in the American Mass Public.American Journal of Political Science,61(1),146-162.
García-Faroldi,Livia(2017).Determinants of Attitudes Towards Immigration:Testing the Influence of Interculturalism,Group Threat Theory and National Contexts in Time of Crisis.International Migration,55(2),10-22.
Gerdes,Christer(2010).Does Immigration Induce‘Native Flight’from Public Schools?Evidence from a Large Scale Voucher Program.IZA Working Paper,No.4788.
Hainmueller,Jens&Daniel Hopkins(2014).Public Attitudes Toward Immigration.Annual Review of Political Science,17,225-249.
Hainmueller,Jens&Michael Hiscox(2007).Educated Preferences:Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe.International Organization,61(2),399-442.
Hainmueller,Jens&Michael Hiscox(2010).Attitudes Toward Highly Skilled and Lowskilled Immigration:Evidence from a Survey Experiment.The American Political Science Review,104(1),61-84.
Hainmueller,Jens,Michael Hiscox&Yotam Margalit(2015).Do Concerns about Labour Market Competition Shape Attitudes Toward Immigration?New Evidence.Journal of International Economics,97(1),193-207.
Hanson,Gordon,Kenneth Scheve&Matthew Slaughter(2007).Public Finance and Individual Preferences over Globalization Strategies.Economics&Politics,19(1),1-33.
Hellwig,Timothy&Abdulkader Sinno(2017).Different Groups,Different Threats:Public Attitudes Towards Immigrants.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,43(3),339-358.
Huber,Lindsay Pérez(2011).Discourses of Racist Nativism in California Public Education:English Dominance as Racist Nativist Microaggressions.Educational Studies,47(4),379-401.
Hunt,Jennifer(2012).The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives.NBER Working Paper,No.18047.
Iturbe-Ormaetxe,I1igo&Gabriel Romero(2016).Financing Public Goods and Attitudes Toward Immigration.European Journal of Political Economy,44,159-178.
Karyotis,Georgios&Stratos Patrikios(2010).Religion,Securitization and Anti-Immigration Attitudes:The Case of Greece.Journal of Peace Research,47(1),43-57.
Konings,Jozef,Olga Kupets&Hartmut Lehmann(2002).Gross Job Flows in Ukraine:Size,Ownership and Trade Effects.William Davidson Institute Working Paper,No.521.
Kónya,István(2005).Minorities and Majorities:A Dynamic Model of Assimilation.The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’Economique,38(4),1431-1452.
Kunovich,Robert(2017).Labour Market Competition and Immigration Attitudes in an Established Gateway.Ethnic and Racial Studies,40(11),1961-1980.
Lahav,Gallya&Marie Courtemanche(2012).The Ideological Effects of Framing Threat on Immigration and Civil Liberties.Political Behavior,34(3),477-505.
Larsen,Christian(2011).Ethnic Heterogeneity and Public Support for Welfare:Is the American Experience Replicated in Britain,Sweden and Denmark?Scandinavian Political Studies,34(4),332-353.
Le Vine,Alan&Donald Campbell(1972).Ethnocentrism:Theories of Conflict,Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior.New York:John Wiley&Sons.
Longhi,Simonetta,Peter Nijkamp&Jacques Poot(2005).A Meta-Analytic Assessment of the Effect of Immigration on Wages.Journal of Economic Surveys,19(3),451-477.
Longhi,Simonetta,Peter Nijkamp&Jacques Poo(2006).The Impact of Immigration on the Employment of Natives in Regional Labour Markets:A Meta-Analysis.IZA Working Paper,No.2044.
Mahler,Vincent,Bruce Taylor&Jennifer Wozniak(2000).Economics and Public Support for the European Union:An Analysis at the National,Regional and Individual Levels.Polity,32(3),429-453.
Malhotra,Neil,Yotam Margalit&Cecilia Mo(2013).Economic Explanations for Opposition to Immigration:Distinguishing between Prevalence and Conditional Impact.American Journal of Political Science,57(2),391-410.
Markaki,Yvonni&Simonetta Longhi(2004).What Determines Attitudes to Immigration in European Countries?An Analysis at the Regional Level.Migration Studies,1(3),311-337.
Mayda,Anna(2006).Who Is Against Immigration?A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes Toward Immigrants.The Review of Economics and Statistics,88(3),510-530.
Mc Daniel,Eric,Irfan Nooruddin&Allyson Faith Shortle(2011).How Religion Shapes Citizens’Attitudes Toward Immigrants.American Politics Research,39(1),205-233.
Mc Laren,Lauren(2007).Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU.European Union Politics,8(2),251-278.
Mc Laren,Lauren&Mark Johnson(2007).Resources,Group Conflict and Symbols:Explaining Anti-Immigration Hostility in Britain.Political Studies,55(12),709-732.
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Ortega,Francesc&Javier Polavieja(2012).Labor-Market Exposure as a Determinant of Attitudes Toward Immigration.Labour Economics,19(3),298-311.
O’Rourke,Kevin&Richard Sinnott(2006).The Determinants of Individual Attitudes Towards Immigration.European Journal of Political Economy,22(4),838-861.
Passel,Jeffrey&D’Vera Cohn(2016).Overall Number of U.S.Unauthorized Immingrants Holds Steady Since 2009:Decline in Share From Mexico Mostly Offset by Growth From Asia,Central America and Sub-Saharan Africa.http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/09/20/overall-number-of-u-s-unauthorized-immigrants--holds-steady-since-2009/.
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(1)来自皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)网站,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/03/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/。
(1)部分研究发现“白人的逃离(white flight)”不仅是由于移民对当地学生教育资源的挤占,还是由于白人家庭对孩子与黑人或少数族裔在同一所学校感到厌恶,并使用学校种族构成作为衡量教学质量的一种标志(Betts&Fairlie,2003)。
(1)对于经济本土化的测量的描述选择:第一,今天的移民因为他们的辛勤工作和才华而使我们的国家更加强大,或者今天的移民是我们国家的负担,因为他们夺走了我们的工作、住房和健康护理。第二,思考近年来所有进入社区的移民:你认为这些新移民对当地政府服务的质量有什么影响?对于文化本土化的测量:第一,“越来越多来自其他国家的新移民威胁到传统的美国习俗和价值观”或“来自其他国家的新移民数量不断增加,丰富了美国社会”。第二,“有些人说我们的美国生活方式需要受到保护,不受外来影响”。你是完全同意,大部分同意,大部分不同意,或完全不同意这一点。第三,现在有些人称为“民兵”,他们正在墨西哥边境寻找非法移民,并向当局举报。你赞成或不赞成这些团体的行为,或者你没有听说过他们的事情?
Anderson,Christopher&Shawn Reichert(1995).Economic Benefits and Support for Membership in the E.U.:A Cross-National Analysis.Journal of Public Policy,15(3),231-249.
Azrout,Rachid,Joost van Spanje&Claes de Vreese(2011).Talking Turkey:Antiimmigrant Attitudes and Their Effect on Support for Turkish Membership of the EU.European Union Politics,12(1),3-19.
Betts,Julian&Robert Fairlie(2003).Does Immigration Induce“Native Flight”from Public Schools into Private Schools?Journal of Public Economics,87(5-6),987-1012.
Bianchi,Milo,Paolo Buonanno&Paolo Pinotti(2012).Do Immigrants Cause Crime?Journal of the European Economic Association,10(6),1318-1347.
Bloom,Pazit Ben-Nun,Gizem Arikan&Marie Courtemanche(2015).Religious Social Identity,Religious Belief,and Anti-Immigration Sentiment.American Political Science Review,109(2),203-221.
Bobo,Lawrence(1988).Group Conflict,Prejudice,and the Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes.In Phyllis Katz&Dalmas Taylor(eds.),Eliminating Racism:Profiles in Controversy.New York:Plenum Press,pp.85-114.
Boomgaarden,Hajo&AndréFreire(2009).Religion and Euroscepticism:Direct,Indirect or No Effects?West European Politics,32(6),1240-1265.
Borjas,George,Jeffrey Grogger&Gordon Hanson(2010).Immigration and the Economic Status of African-American Men.Econometrica,77(306),255-282.
Braakmann,Nils,Muhammad Waqas&John Wildman(2017).Are Immigrants in Favour of Immigration?Evidence from England and Wales.The B.E.Journal of Economic Analysis&Policy,17(1),1-16.
Brader,Ted,Nicholas Valentino&Elizabeth Suhay(2008).What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration?Anxiety,Group Cues,and Immigration Threat.American Journal of Political Science,52(4),959-978.
Bridges,Sarah&Simona Mateut(2014).Should They Stay or Should They Go?Attitudes Towards Immigration in Europe.Scottish Journal of Political Economy,61(4),397-429.
Brown,Rupert(2000).Social Identity Theory:Past Achievements,Current Problems and Future Challenges.European Journal of Social Psychology,30(6),745-778.
Brubaker,Rogers&Frederick Cooper(2000).Beyond“Identity”.Theory and Society,29(1),1-47.
Campbell,Andrea Louise,Cara Wong&Jack Citrin(2006).“Racial Threat”,Partisan Climate,and Direct Democracy:Contextual Effects in Three California Initiatives.Political Behavior,28(2),129-150.
Canetti-Nisim,Daphna,Eran Halperin,Keren Sharvit&Stevan Hobfoll(2009).A New Stress-Based Model of Political Extremism:Personal Exposure to Terrorism,Psychological Distress,and Exclusionist Political Attitudes.The Journal of Conflict Resolution,53(3),363-389.
Cascio,Elizabeth&Ethan Lewis(2012).Cracks in the Melting Pot:Immigration,School Choice,and Segregation.American Economic Journal,4(3),91-117.
Citrin,Jack,Donald Green,Christopher Muste&Cara Wong(1997).Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform:The Role of Economic Motivations.The Journal of Politics,59(3),858-881.
Dahlberg,Matz,Karin Edmark&Heléne Lundqvist(2012).Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution.Journal of Political Economy,120(1),41-76.
Dancygier,Rafaela&Michael Donnelly(2012).Sectoral Economies,Economic Contexts,and Attitudes Toward Immigration.The Journal of Politics,75(1),17-35.
Davidson,Theresa&Karlye Burson(2017).Keep Those Kids Out:Nativism and Attitudes Toward Access to Public Education for the Children of Undocumented Immigrants.Journal of Latinos and Education,16(1),41-50.
Dustmann,Christian&Ian Preston(2004).Racial and Economic Factors in Attitudes to Immigration.The BE Journal of Economic Analysis&Policy,7(1),1-41.
Eger,Maureen(2010).Even in Sweden:The Effect of Immigration on Support for Welfare State Spending.European Sociological Review,26(2),203-217.
Eger,Maureen&Nate Breznau(2017).Immigration and the Welfare State:a Cross-Regional Analysis of European Welfare Attitudes.International Journal of Comparative Sociology,58(5),440-463.
Facchini,Giovanni&Maria Mayda(2009).Does the Welfare State Affect Individual Attitudes Towards Immigrants?Evidence Across Countries.The Review of Economics and Statistics,91(2),295-314.
Facchini,Giovanni,Maria Mayda&Mariapia Mendola(2013).What Drives Individual Attitudes Towards Immigration in South Africa?Review of International Economics,21(2),326-341.
Fetzer,Joel(2000).Public Attitudes Toward Immigration in the United States,France,and Germany.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Fix,Michael&Wendy Zimmerman(1993).Educating Immigrant Children:Chapter 1 in the Changing City.Washington D.C.:Urban Institute Press.
Ford,Robert(2011).Acceptable and Unacceptable Immigrants:How Opposition to Immigration in Britain is Affected by Migrants’Region of Origin.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,37(7),1017-1037.
Gabel,Matthew(1998).Economic Integration and Mass Politics:Market Liberalization and Public Attitudes in the European Union.American Journal of Political Science,42(3),936-953.
Garand,James,Ping Xu&Belinda Davis(2017).Immigration Attitudes and Support for the Welfare State in the American Mass Public.American Journal of Political Science,61(1),146-162.
García-Faroldi,Livia(2017).Determinants of Attitudes Towards Immigration:Testing the Influence of Interculturalism,Group Threat Theory and National Contexts in Time of Crisis.International Migration,55(2),10-22.
Gerdes,Christer(2010).Does Immigration Induce‘Native Flight’from Public Schools?Evidence from a Large Scale Voucher Program.IZA Working Paper,No.4788.
Hainmueller,Jens&Daniel Hopkins(2014).Public Attitudes Toward Immigration.Annual Review of Political Science,17,225-249.
Hainmueller,Jens&Michael Hiscox(2007).Educated Preferences:Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe.International Organization,61(2),399-442.
Hainmueller,Jens&Michael Hiscox(2010).Attitudes Toward Highly Skilled and Lowskilled Immigration:Evidence from a Survey Experiment.The American Political Science Review,104(1),61-84.
Hainmueller,Jens,Michael Hiscox&Yotam Margalit(2015).Do Concerns about Labour Market Competition Shape Attitudes Toward Immigration?New Evidence.Journal of International Economics,97(1),193-207.
Hanson,Gordon,Kenneth Scheve&Matthew Slaughter(2007).Public Finance and Individual Preferences over Globalization Strategies.Economics&Politics,19(1),1-33.
Hellwig,Timothy&Abdulkader Sinno(2017).Different Groups,Different Threats:Public Attitudes Towards Immigrants.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,43(3),339-358.
Huber,Lindsay Pérez(2011).Discourses of Racist Nativism in California Public Education:English Dominance as Racist Nativist Microaggressions.Educational Studies,47(4),379-401.
Hunt,Jennifer(2012).The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives.NBER Working Paper,No.18047.
Iturbe-Ormaetxe,I1igo&Gabriel Romero(2016).Financing Public Goods and Attitudes Toward Immigration.European Journal of Political Economy,44,159-178.
Karyotis,Georgios&Stratos Patrikios(2010).Religion,Securitization and Anti-Immigration Attitudes:The Case of Greece.Journal of Peace Research,47(1),43-57.
Konings,Jozef,Olga Kupets&Hartmut Lehmann(2002).Gross Job Flows in Ukraine:Size,Ownership and Trade Effects.William Davidson Institute Working Paper,No.521.
Kónya,István(2005).Minorities and Majorities:A Dynamic Model of Assimilation.The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’Economique,38(4),1431-1452.
Kunovich,Robert(2017).Labour Market Competition and Immigration Attitudes in an Established Gateway.Ethnic and Racial Studies,40(11),1961-1980.
Lahav,Gallya&Marie Courtemanche(2012).The Ideological Effects of Framing Threat on Immigration and Civil Liberties.Political Behavior,34(3),477-505.
Larsen,Christian(2011).Ethnic Heterogeneity and Public Support for Welfare:Is the American Experience Replicated in Britain,Sweden and Denmark?Scandinavian Political Studies,34(4),332-353.
Le Vine,Alan&Donald Campbell(1972).Ethnocentrism:Theories of Conflict,Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior.New York:John Wiley&Sons.
Longhi,Simonetta,Peter Nijkamp&Jacques Poot(2005).A Meta-Analytic Assessment of the Effect of Immigration on Wages.Journal of Economic Surveys,19(3),451-477.
Longhi,Simonetta,Peter Nijkamp&Jacques Poo(2006).The Impact of Immigration on the Employment of Natives in Regional Labour Markets:A Meta-Analysis.IZA Working Paper,No.2044.
Mahler,Vincent,Bruce Taylor&Jennifer Wozniak(2000).Economics and Public Support for the European Union:An Analysis at the National,Regional and Individual Levels.Polity,32(3),429-453.
Malhotra,Neil,Yotam Margalit&Cecilia Mo(2013).Economic Explanations for Opposition to Immigration:Distinguishing between Prevalence and Conditional Impact.American Journal of Political Science,57(2),391-410.
Markaki,Yvonni&Simonetta Longhi(2004).What Determines Attitudes to Immigration in European Countries?An Analysis at the Regional Level.Migration Studies,1(3),311-337.
Mayda,Anna(2006).Who Is Against Immigration?A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes Toward Immigrants.The Review of Economics and Statistics,88(3),510-530.
Mc Daniel,Eric,Irfan Nooruddin&Allyson Faith Shortle(2011).How Religion Shapes Citizens’Attitudes Toward Immigrants.American Politics Research,39(1),205-233.
Mc Laren,Lauren(2007).Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU.European Union Politics,8(2),251-278.
Mc Laren,Lauren&Mark Johnson(2007).Resources,Group Conflict and Symbols:Explaining Anti-Immigration Hostility in Britain.Political Studies,55(12),709-732.
Morey,Peter&Mark Johnson(2011).Framing Muslims:Stereotyping and Representation After 9/11.Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
Ortega,Francesc&Javier Polavieja(2012).Labor-Market Exposure as a Determinant of Attitudes Toward Immigration.Labour Economics,19(3),298-311.
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(1)来自皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)网站,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/03/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/。
(1)部分研究发现“白人的逃离(white flight)”不仅是由于移民对当地学生教育资源的挤占,还是由于白人家庭对孩子与黑人或少数族裔在同一所学校感到厌恶,并使用学校种族构成作为衡量教学质量的一种标志(Betts&Fairlie,2003)。
(1)对于经济本土化的测量的描述选择:第一,今天的移民因为他们的辛勤工作和才华而使我们的国家更加强大,或者今天的移民是我们国家的负担,因为他们夺走了我们的工作、住房和健康护理。第二,思考近年来所有进入社区的移民:你认为这些新移民对当地政府服务的质量有什么影响?对于文化本土化的测量:第一,“越来越多来自其他国家的新移民威胁到传统的美国习俗和价值观”或“来自其他国家的新移民数量不断增加,丰富了美国社会”。第二,“有些人说我们的美国生活方式需要受到保护,不受外来影响”。你是完全同意,大部分同意,大部分不同意,或完全不同意这一点。第三,现在有些人称为“民兵”,他们正在墨西哥边境寻找非法移民,并向当局举报。你赞成或不赞成这些团体的行为,或者你没有听说过他们的事情?