法律规制离职公务员:面向美国经验的借鉴
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摘要
目前治理离职公务员的期权腐败已成当务之急,对公务员离职后一段时间内的行为须进行适当限制。在这方面,美国的有关经验可资参考:一是注重通过立法进行规制;二是明晰具体限制对象;三是根据具体情况确定限制时间;四是限制范围较为宽泛;五是监管程序相对完善;六是对违规行为从重处罚;七是允许有条件豁免。我国立足自身实际,同时借鉴上述有益做法,全面加强对离职公务员特别是领导干部的严格限制:一是健全限制法规;二是细化限制对象类别和职级;三是适当延长限制时间;四是相应扩大限制领域与事项;五是完善监管机构及措施;六是加大对违规行为的处罚力度;七是保护离职人员正当权益。
Options corruption has become a top priority now in China. In order to prevent the occurrence of options corruption, appropriate restrictions should be applied for a certain period to restrict the civil servants' behavior after they leave office. Although China has been paying attention to this issue in recent years, the system design still needs to be adjusted. In this regard, the relevant experience of the United States is worth referring. First is to pay attention to the regulation through legislation; The second is to clarify the specific object of restriction; The third is to determine the time limit according to the specific circumstances. Fourth, the scope of restriction is relatively broad. Fifth, the regulatory mechanism is relatively perfect. Sixth, the punishment for violations is heavy. Seventh, conditional exemption is allowed. In order to prevent and punish the occurrence of options corruption, restrictions must be applied on the resigned civil servants, especially the leading cadres, in accordance with the reality of China, as well as the reference from the successful practices of the United States. First, we should improve restriction laws and regulations. The second is to refine the category and rank of restricted objects. Third is to appropriately prolong the time limit. Fourth is to increase the scope and matters of restriction accordingly.Fifth is to improve the regulatory bodies and measures. Sixth is to increase the punishment for violations.Seventh is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the resigned civil servants.
Options corruption has become a top priority now in China. In order to prevent the occurrence of options corruption, appropriate restrictions should be applied for a certain period to restrict the civil servants' behavior after they leave office. Although China has been paying attention to this issue in recent years, the system design still needs to be adjusted. In this regard, the relevant experience of the United States is worth referring. First is to pay attention to the regulation through legislation; The second is to clarify the specific object of restriction; The third is to determine the time limit according to the specific circumstances. Fourth, the scope of restriction is relatively broad. Fifth, the regulatory mechanism is relatively perfect. Sixth, the punishment for violations is heavy. Seventh, conditional exemption is allowed. In order to prevent and punish the occurrence of options corruption, restrictions must be applied on the resigned civil servants, especially the leading cadres, in accordance with the reality of China, as well as the reference from the successful practices of the United States. First, we should improve restriction laws and regulations. The second is to refine the category and rank of restricted objects. Third is to appropriately prolong the time limit. Fourth is to increase the scope and matters of restriction accordingly.Fifth is to improve the regulatory bodies and measures. Sixth is to increase the punishment for violations.Seventh is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the resigned civil servants.
引文
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[24]张洞若.扼制“期权腐败”[N].甘肃日报,2017-06-07(4).
(1)参见:蔡小慎,张存达.美国联邦政府公职人员利益冲突的制度约束与实施机制[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2016(2):24-25.
[2]薛应军.退而不休贪腐路[N].民主与法制时报,2016-04-24(7).
[3]徐振华.如何规避干部辞职“旋转门”现象的负效应[J].领导科学,2017(36):10.
[4] OECD. Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Sector:a Toolkit[M].Paris:OECD Press,2005:13.
[5] Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan Parts I and II[M].Indianapolis:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1958:78.
[6] UNODC. United Nations Convention Against Corruption(Chinese)[EB/OL].[2019-01-02].http://www.unodc.org/docu-ments/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50025_C.pdf.
[7] OECD. Trust in Government:Ethics Measures in OECD Countries[M].Paris:OECD Press,2000:25.
[8] H. R. 13850-Ethics in Government Act[EB/OL].(1978-08-14)[2019-01-02].https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/house-bill/13850.
[9] H. R. 3660-Ethics ReformAct of1989[EB/OL].(1989-11-17)[2019-01-02].https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/3660.
[10]董志霖.中美“旋转门”现象对比研究[J].经济社会体制比较,2017(6):162.
[11] Sarah Wheaton, Obama and Clinton Loyalists Grapple with Trump Recession[EB/OL].(2017-01-07)[2019-01-02].https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-clinton-loyalists-jobs-233296.
[12] Timothy M La Pira, Herschel F Thomas. Revolving Door Lobbyists and Interest Representation[J].Interest Groups&Advocacy,2014(1):4-29.
[13]孔祥仁.美国对政府官员离职后行为的限制[J].中国监察,2001(16):59-60.
[14] THE WHITE HOUSE. Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees[EB/OL].(1993-01-20)[2019-01-02].https://www.oge.gov/web/oge.nsf/Executive%20Orders/5DEB1725A191ABB385257E96006A90F9/$FILE/eo12834.pdf?open.
[15]宋世锋.美国军事情报机构的“旋转门”现象[J].当代世界,2009(4):36.
[16] Perry Moore. Public Personnel Management:A Contingency Approach[M].Lexington, Massachusetts:D. C. Heath andCompany,1985:302.
[17]左秋明.20世纪美国公务员道德立法研究:经验与启示[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2016(6):106-107.
[18] A. F. Dunathan., N. A. Sanghvi. Federal Criminal Conflict of Interest[J].American Criminal Law Review,2001(3):733-776.
[19] The U.S. Office of Government Ethics. Mission and Responsibilities[EB/OL].[2019-01-02].https://www.oge.gov/web/oge.nsf/Mission%20and%20Responsibilities.
[20] George Cahlink, Ex-Pentagon Procurement Executive Gets Jail Time[EB/OL].(2004-10-01)[2019-01-02].http://www.govexec.com/defense/2004/10/ex-pentagon-procurement-executive-gets-jail-time/17737/.
[21]共产党员网.中央组织部等四部门印发《关于规范公务员辞去公职后从业行为的意见》[EB/OL].(2017-05-26)[2019-01-02].http://news.12371.cn/2017/05/26/ARTI1495772742288391.shtml.
[22] NCSL. Revolving Door Prohibitions[EB/OL].(2017-12-15)[2019-01-02].http://www.ncsl.org/research/ethics/50-state-table-revolving-door-prohibitions.aspx.
[23]何鼎鼎.设立辞职红线,拒绝“期权腐败”[N].人民日报,2017-06-13(5).
[24]张洞若.扼制“期权腐败”[N].甘肃日报,2017-06-07(4).
(1)参见:蔡小慎,张存达.美国联邦政府公职人员利益冲突的制度约束与实施机制[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2016(2):24-25.