试析清末张荫棠藏事改革中的教育体制改革
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摘要
西藏地区自古以来是中国领土神圣不可分割的一部分,历代的统治阶级以不同的方式在西藏地方有效地行使着国家的治权。时值晚清筹藏之季,清中央政府为了抵御外辱、巩固边疆,遣派张荫棠查办藏事,推行包括近代教育改革在内的新政。在这场被称为兴学新政的近代改革中,张荫棠顺应全国废科举、兴学校的历史趋势,在西藏地方大力推行近代教育体制改革,通过采取广兴学堂、兴办各类新式教育、劝谕民众子女就学、奖励边学教师以及多方筹集办学经费等措施,普及了文化知识,推动了西藏地方近代教育事业的蓬勃发展。这对巩固我国西南边陲、维护国家统一起到了积极的作用,同时也为其后的驻藏大臣联豫在西藏地方继续推行教育改革奠定了坚实的基础,其中某些合理的教育理念难能可贵,值得后人借鉴。
Tibet has been an integral part of China's territory since ancient times and has been under snceessive administration of The central governments since Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In the late Qing Dynasty,the central government dispatched Zhang Yintang to deal with Tibetan affairs in order to resist external invasion and consolidate the frontier,and to carry out a series of reforms including modern educational reform. In this modern reform known as Xingxue,Zhang Yintang established schools of modern education,and encouraged school attendance among school-age residents,rewarded teachers,and raised funds for schools operation. Zhang's efforts spread knowledge and promoted the development of modern education in Tibet. This played a positive role in consolidating the frontier of Southwest China and safeguarding national sovereignty. At the same time,it has laid a solid foundation for Lien Yu,the grand minister resident of Tibet to continue educational reform in Tibet. The rational educational conception then is worthy of learning from for future generations.
Tibet has been an integral part of China's territory since ancient times and has been under snceessive administration of The central governments since Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In the late Qing Dynasty,the central government dispatched Zhang Yintang to deal with Tibetan affairs in order to resist external invasion and consolidate the frontier,and to carry out a series of reforms including modern educational reform. In this modern reform known as Xingxue,Zhang Yintang established schools of modern education,and encouraged school attendance among school-age residents,rewarded teachers,and raised funds for schools operation. Zhang's efforts spread knowledge and promoted the development of modern education in Tibet. This played a positive role in consolidating the frontier of Southwest China and safeguarding national sovereignty. At the same time,it has laid a solid foundation for Lien Yu,the grand minister resident of Tibet to continue educational reform in Tibet. The rational educational conception then is worthy of learning from for future generations.
引文
[1]张荫棠.详陈藏中情形及拟办各事折[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1475.
[2]王辅仁,索文清.藏族史要[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1981:162.
[3]西藏研究编辑部.清实录藏族史料(第九集)[M].拉萨:西藏人民出版社,1982:4663.
[4]张荫棠.张荫棠小传[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1287.
[5]陈鹏辉.清末张荫棠藏事改革研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2016.
[6]张荫棠.传谕藏众善后问题二十四条[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[7]张荫棠.致外部电陈治藏刍议[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[8]拉巴次仁.论西藏迈向近代化“民主改良运动”的演变历程[D].拉萨:西藏大学,2009.
[9]张荫棠.咨外部为西藏议设交涉等九局并附办事草章[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[10]张荫棠.奏复西藏情形并善后事宜折[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[11]张荫棠.上外部条议筹办藏政经费说帖[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[12]苏发祥.清代治藏政策研究[M].北京:民族出版社,2001:137.
[13]康欣平.“大民族主义”抑或“普适主义”张荫棠《训俗浅言》、《藏俗改良》析论[J].西藏民族学院学报,2010(1):39.
[14]何藻翔.藏语[M].上海:上海广智书局,1910:119.
[15]张荫棠.谕全藏僧俗官民筹办要政亟图自强[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[16]马菁林.清末川边藏区改土归流考[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2004:172.
[17]张荫棠.咨驻藏大臣捐助各学堂汉文学生奖赏基金[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1422–1423.
[18]联豫.开设白话报馆及汉文藏文传习所片[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1490.
[19]成崇德,张世民.清代西藏开发研究[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,1996:190.
[20]张荫棠.张荫棠驻藏奏跋[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[21]张荫棠.张荫棠小传·自序[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1287.
[2]王辅仁,索文清.藏族史要[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1981:162.
[3]西藏研究编辑部.清实录藏族史料(第九集)[M].拉萨:西藏人民出版社,1982:4663.
[4]张荫棠.张荫棠小传[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1287.
[5]陈鹏辉.清末张荫棠藏事改革研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2016.
[6]张荫棠.传谕藏众善后问题二十四条[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[7]张荫棠.致外部电陈治藏刍议[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[8]拉巴次仁.论西藏迈向近代化“民主改良运动”的演变历程[D].拉萨:西藏大学,2009.
[9]张荫棠.咨外部为西藏议设交涉等九局并附办事草章[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[10]张荫棠.奏复西藏情形并善后事宜折[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[11]张荫棠.上外部条议筹办藏政经费说帖[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[12]苏发祥.清代治藏政策研究[M].北京:民族出版社,2001:137.
[13]康欣平.“大民族主义”抑或“普适主义”张荫棠《训俗浅言》、《藏俗改良》析论[J].西藏民族学院学报,2010(1):39.
[14]何藻翔.藏语[M].上海:上海广智书局,1910:119.
[15]张荫棠.谕全藏僧俗官民筹办要政亟图自强[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[16]马菁林.清末川边藏区改土归流考[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2004:172.
[17]张荫棠.咨驻藏大臣捐助各学堂汉文学生奖赏基金[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1422–1423.
[18]联豫.开设白话报馆及汉文藏文传习所片[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1490.
[19]成崇德,张世民.清代西藏开发研究[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,1996:190.
[20]张荫棠.张荫棠驻藏奏跋[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994.
[21]张荫棠.张荫棠小传·自序[M]//吴丰培.清代藏事奏牍·张荫棠驻藏奏稿.北京:中国藏学出版社,1994:1287.